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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Vertical T-maze Choice Assay for Arthropod Response to Odorants
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Vertical T-maze Choice Assay for Arthropod Response to Odorants

Published on: February 14, 2013

Deer responses to repellent stimuli.

Bruce A Kimball1, Jimmy Taylor, Kelly R Perry

  • 1United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. bruce.a.kimball@aphis.usda.gov

Journal of Chemical Ecology
|December 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Deer repellents vary in effectiveness based on application and mode of action. Topically applied irritants and animal-based repellents were most effective, while odor-based repellents showed limited success due to habituation.

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Area of Science:

  • Wildlife Management
  • Animal Behavior
  • Chemical Ecology

Background:

  • White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) can cause significant agricultural and ecological damage.
  • Repellents are crucial tools for managing deer populations and mitigating damage.
  • Understanding repellent efficacy across different modes of action is essential for effective application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of four different deer repellents with distinct modes of action.
  • To assess how varying dietary energy content influences repellent efficacy.
  • To identify which repellent types are most effective for managing captive white-tailed deer.

Main Methods:

  • Four repellents (neophobia, irritation, conditioned aversion, flavor modification) were tested using two-choice feeding trials with captive white-tailed deer.

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Electrophysiological Measurements from a Moth Olfactory System
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Electrophysiological Measurements from a Moth Olfactory System

Published on: March 29, 2011

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Vertical T-maze Choice Assay for Arthropod Response to Odorants
06:13

Vertical T-maze Choice Assay for Arthropod Response to Odorants

Published on: February 14, 2013

Electrophysiological Measurements from a Moth Olfactory System
06:16

Electrophysiological Measurements from a Moth Olfactory System

Published on: March 29, 2011

  • Two diets with differing energy content were used to manipulate feeding motivation.
  • Repellents were applied to one of the diets in each trial.

    • Main Results:

    • When applied to a high-energy diet, blood (flavor modification) and capsaicin (irritation) repellents were highly effective.
    • Neophobia (meat and bone meal odor) effectiveness was limited by rapid habituation, especially under high feeding motivation.
    • Thiram (conditioned aversion) showed weak avoidance, likely due to limited exposure during trials.

    Conclusions:

    • Repellent effectiveness is significantly influenced by the mode of action and application method.
    • Topical application of irritants and animal-based products (flavor modification) yields significant avoidance.
    • Odor-based repellents (neophobia) have limited efficacy when direct food contact or high feeding motivation is present, due to habituation.