Diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous group A streptococcal peritonitis

Primary group A streptococcal peritonitis (PSAP) is a rare, fulminant and often fatal infection. The clinical manifestations include diffuse peritoneal signs with toxic shock syndrome and sometimes fasciitis.

Patients with PSAP diagnosed between December 2002 and December 2006 were studied retrospectively, focusing on the initial presentation, diagnosis, treatment and outcome.

Six patients were identified (five women and one man). The clinical presentation was heterogeneous. All six patients had diffuse peritonitis, four had toxic shock syndrome on hospital admission and two patients also had fasciitis. All patients were treated surgically, and the final diagnosis was confirmed after operation. There were no deaths, but two patients had aesthetic sequelae owing to necrotizing fasciitis.

PSAP is a rare condition, often requiring aggressive surgical treatment. Group A streptococcal peritonitis should be suspected in patients with no radiological evidence of a peritoneal portal of entry and no history of ascites.