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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene π orbitals.
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...

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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators
12:21

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Published on: April 4, 2016

Recent developments in coupled SPE-CE.

Rawi Ramautar1, Govert W Somsen, Gerhardus J de Jong

  • 1Division of Biomedical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands. r.ramautar@uu.nl

Electrophoresis
|December 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers coupled Solid Phase Extraction-Capillary Electrophoresis (SPE-CE) systems from 2007-2009. It highlights applications in various fields and future developments for enhanced analytical capabilities.

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators
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Published on: April 4, 2016

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Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons

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Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Separation Science

Background:

  • Coupled separation techniques offer enhanced analytical performance.
  • Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) coupled with Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) provides efficient sample preparation and separation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on coupled SPE-CE systems published between April 2007 and June 2009.
  • To highlight the application of in-line and on-line SPE-CE in various analytical fields.
  • To discuss the role of monoliths and molecularly imprinted polymers in these systems.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of SPE-CE systems.
  • Focus on in-line and on-line SPE-CE configurations.
  • Examination of applications in biomedical, pharmaceutical, environmental, and food analysis.

Main Results:

  • Compilation of SPE-CE studies with details on sample type, sorbent, detection, and Limit of Detection (LOD).
  • Emphasis on the use of monoliths and molecularly imprinted polymers.
  • Demonstrated utility in diverse analytical applications.

Conclusions:

  • Coupled SPE-CE systems show significant potential for sensitive and selective analysis.
  • Further developments are expected to broaden the applicability of these integrated techniques.
  • The review provides a valuable resource for researchers in separation science.