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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis01:29

Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis

Drugs affecting neurotransmitter synthesis can impact the adrenergic neuron and the synthesis of neurotransmitters. For example, α-methyltyrosine and carbidopa target specific enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. α-methyltyrosine inhibits the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which converts tyrosine into dopamine. By blocking this enzyme, α-methyltyrosine reduces dopamine production and other catecholamines. Carbidopa, on the other hand, inhibits the enzyme dopa decarboxylase, which converts...
Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents01:25

Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents

Indirect-acting adrenergic agonists potentiate the effects of endogenous catecholamines through different mechanisms without directly binding to adrenoceptors.
One mechanism involves depleting stored catecholamines by displacing them from synaptic vesicles. These agents, known as "displacers," are transported into vesicles at the expense of noradrenaline. Examples include amphetamine and tyramine, which lack a catechol moiety, resulting in prolonged action, improved oral bioavailability, and...
Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Release or Uptake01:21

Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Release or Uptake

Certain drugs can affect how neurotransmitters called catecholamines, are released or taken back up in the adrenergic neuron. They can have different effects on the body's sympathetic transmission. Reserpine, a natural compound found in the Rauwolfia shrub, blocks a transporter called vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which leads to a buildup of catecholamines in the cell and reduces sympathetic transmission. Another drug called guanethidine works in multiple ways, including blocking...
Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...
Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis01:20

Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis

Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon where the body becomes less responsive to a particular substance or intervention over time, requiring higher doses or stronger interventions to achieve the same effect. It results from adaptive changes in the body's receptors, signaling pathways, or physiological processes that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a stimulus.
Several...
Antidepressant Drugs: Tricyclics, SSRIs, and SNRIs01:28

Antidepressant Drugs: Tricyclics, SSRIs, and SNRIs

Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs), including Desipramine (Norpramin), Imipramine (Tofranil), Clomipramine (Anafranil), and Amitriptyline (Elavil), inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake and also block other receptors. They are used for depression, pain conditions, and insomnia. Common adverse effects include anticholinergic effects, sedation, orthostatic hypotension, and weight gain. They have a narrow therapeutic window and so require plasma-level monitoring. Abrupt discontinuation can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Single Cell Measurement of Dopamine Release with Simultaneous Voltage-clamp and Amperometry
07:30

Single Cell Measurement of Dopamine Release with Simultaneous Voltage-clamp and Amperometry

Published on: November 21, 2012

Atomoxetine attenuates dextroamphetamine effects in humans.

Mehmet Sofuoglu1, James Poling, Kevin Hill

  • 1Yale University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA. Mehmet.Sofuoglu@yale.edu

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
|December 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Atomoxetine, a norepinephrine transporter inhibitor, reduced amphetamine

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A Computerized Test Battery to Study Pharmacodynamic Effects on the Central Nervous System of Cholinergic Drugs in Early Phase Drug Development
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

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07:30

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Published on: November 21, 2012

A Plate-Based Assay for the Measurement of Endogenous Monoamine Release in Acute Brain Slices
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A Computerized Test Battery to Study Pharmacodynamic Effects on the Central Nervous System of Cholinergic Drugs in Early Phase Drug Development
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Published on: February 11, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Preclinical studies suggest the noradrenergic system is key to amphetamine's acute effects.
  • Clinical validation of these findings is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate atomoxetine's impact on amphetamine responses in humans.
  • To assess effects on subjective, physiological, and cortisol levels.

Main Methods:

  • Healthy volunteers received atomoxetine or placebo for 4 days.
  • Dextroamphetamine challenge was administered on Day 4 of each period.

Main Results:

  • Atomoxetine blunted increases in blood pressure and plasma cortisol.
  • Subjective reports of stimulation and drug effects were reduced by atomoxetine.

Conclusions:

  • Findings align with preclinical data on the noradrenergic system and amphetamine.
  • Atomoxetine may help manage stimulant addiction by reducing amphetamine's effects.