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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&iuml;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes
12:59

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

Autoimmunity: increasing suspects in the CD4+ T cell lineup.

Matthew T Palmer1, Casey T Weaver

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA. mpalmer@uab.edu

Nature Immunology
|December 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary

CD4(+) T cells drive autoimmune inflammation. While T helper 17 cells were once thought dominant, new data suggest T helper 1 cells may be crucial in autoimmunity.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Autoimmunity research
  • T cell subset function

Background:

  • Chronic CD4(+) T cell reactivity to self-antigens and commensal flora components drives autoimmune inflammation in mouse models.
  • Mouse models provide critical insights for translational research in human autoimmune diseases.
  • Identifying specific T helper (T(H)) cell subsets responsible for autoimmunity is an ongoing challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the roles of diverse T helper cell subsets in autoimmunity.
  • To re-evaluate the contribution of T helper 1 (T(H)1) cells in autoimmune pathogenesis.
  • To challenge the prevailing view that T helper 17 (T(H)17) cells are the primary drivers of autoimmunity.

Main Methods:

  • Speculative analysis based on current immunological data.

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Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
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Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&iuml;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes
12:59

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

  • Review of recent findings on T helper cell subset contributions to autoimmune disease.
  • Comparative assessment of T(H)1 and T(H)17 cell roles in experimental autoimmunity.

    • Main Results:

    • The discovery of T(H)-17 cells initially shifted focus away from T(H)1 cells in autoimmunity.
    • Emerging data indicate that the role of T(H)1 cells in promoting autoimmunity may be underestimated.
    • Autoimmunity is driven by a complex interplay of multiple T helper cell subsets, defying simple categorization.

    Conclusions:

    • The paradigm of autoimmunity driven solely by one T helper subset is an oversimplification.
    • T(H)1 cells are likely to play a significant, potentially resurgent, role in autoimmune diseases.
    • A nuanced understanding of various T helper cell subsets is essential for developing effective autoimmune disease therapies.