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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Heuristic Mining of Hierarchical Genotypes and Accessory Genome Loci in Bacterial Populations
Published on: December 7, 2021
Detecting population stratification using related individuals
Anthony L Hinrichs1, Robert Culverhouse, Carol H Jin
1Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, Campus Box 8134, St, Louis, Missouri 63110 USA. tony@silver.wustl.edu.
Abstract:
Although identification of cryptic population stratification is necessary for case/control association analyses, it is also vital for linkage analyses and family-based association tests when founder genotypes are missing. However, including related individuals in an analysis such as EIGENSTRAT can result in bias; using only founders or one individual per pedigree results in loss of data and inaccurate estimates of stratification. We examine a generalization of principal-component analyses to allow for the inclusion of related individuals by down-weighting the significance of individual comparisons.
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