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Related Concept Videos

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent – the...

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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Protein Crystallization for X-ray Crystallography
09:27

Protein Crystallization for X-ray Crystallography

Published on: January 16, 2011

Counterdiffusion methods applied to protein crystallization.

Fermín Otálora1, José Antonio Gavira, Joseph D Ng

  • 1Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos (IACT), CSIC-Universidad de Granada, Av. de la Innovación s/n, Armilla (Granada), Spain.

Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
|December 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Counterdiffusion crystallization methods optimize crystal growth by minimizing supersaturation and impurities. This technique offers a reliable approach for improving crystal quality and size across various experimental setups.

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Published on: August 14, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Counterdiffusion crystallization is an established technique for optimizing solution crystal growth.
  • Previous studies indicate positive or neutral effects on crystal quality and size, with no adverse outcomes reported.
  • The method is recognized for its ability to control supersaturation and impurity levels at the crystal growth front.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the effectiveness and broad applicability of counterdiffusion methods in optimizing crystal growth experiments.
  • To emphasize the role of counterdiffusion in achieving stable and controlled crystallization conditions.
  • To explore the potential of counterdiffusion in novel screening of crystallization parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing counterdiffusion principles to manage mass transport and aggregation kinetics.
  • Implementing the technique in various media, including gels, capillaries, microfluidic devices, and microgravity.
  • Analyzing the impact of controlled supersaturation and impurity levels on crystal formation.

Main Results:

  • Counterdiffusion consistently leads to improved crystal quality or size, with no detrimental effects observed.
  • The dynamic equilibrium between mass transport and aggregation kinetics ensures steady control over the phase transition state.
  • Successful application in diverse media demonstrates the technique's versatility.

Conclusions:

  • Counterdiffusion crystallization is a robust and generally applicable method for optimizing crystal growth.
  • The technique offers precise control over critical crystallization parameters, ensuring reliable experimental outcomes.
  • Further applications of counterdiffusion show promise for innovative nucleation and polymorphic precipitation studies.