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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Power02:36

Nuclear Power

Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
Nuclear Fuels
Nuclear fuel consists of a fissile isotope, such as uranium-235, which must be present in sufficient quantity to provide a...
Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together in the...
Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving01:27

Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving

San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
To solve the problem, first, identify the known and unknown quantities. The initial length (L) of the bridge is 1275 m, the coefficient of linear expansion (α) for steel is 12 x 10-6/°C, and the change in temperature (ΔT) is 55 °C.
Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview01:16

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
Sigmatropic shifts are classified based on an order term [i, j ], where i and j indicate the number of atoms across which each end of the σ bond migrates. Below are examples of a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in 1,5-hexadiene, referred to as...
Nuclear Fission02:50

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large number of different...

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Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
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Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident

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Modeling solid thermal explosion containment on reactor HNIW and HMX.

Chun-Ping Lin1, Chang-Ping Chang, Yu-Chuan Chou

  • 1Graduate School of Engineering Science and Technology, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123, University Rd., Sec. 3, Douliou 64002, Yunlin, Taiwan, ROC.

Journal of Hazardous Materials
|December 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study models thermal decomposition and explosion hazards for energetic materials CL-20 and HMX. It provides methods for safe storage, crucial for national defense applications.

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Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
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Area of Science:

  • Energetic Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Safety Engineering

Background:

  • 2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaaza-isowurtzitane (CL-20) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) are critical energetic materials.
  • These compounds are widely utilized in national defense, necessitating a thorough understanding of their safety profiles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish robust models for the thermal decomposition and thermal explosion hazards of CL-20 and HMX.
  • To develop and validate an efficient procedure for assessing thermal hazards and ensuring safe storage conditions for these energetic materials.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data to determine parameters for thermokinetic models.
  • Employed the developed thermokinetic models to simulate thermal explosion scenarios in a 437L barrel reactor and a 24 kg cubic box package.
  • Conducted experiments to identify optimal storage conditions to prevent runaway reactions.

Main Results:

  • Successfully established thermokinetic models for CL-20 and HMX, accurately predicting thermal decomposition and explosion behavior.
  • Simulations demonstrated the potential hazards in specific storage configurations (437L barrel, 24 kg box).
  • Identified specific experimental conditions that ensure safe storage, mitigating risks of violent reactions.

Conclusions:

  • The developed thermokinetic models and hazard assessment procedure are effective for evaluating the safety of CL-20 and HMX.
  • The findings provide critical data for establishing safe handling and storage protocols in defense industries.
  • This research contributes to the safe and reliable application of advanced energetic materials.