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Related Concept Videos

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but this inhibition is released...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...

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Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster
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Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: June 30, 2011

Insulin.

Mario Thevis1, Andreas Thomas, Wilhelm Schänzer

  • 1Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany. thevis@dshs-koeln.de

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|December 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Insulin, banned in sports since 1999, has anabolic properties misused for performance enhancement. Detecting synthetic insulin in athletes is challenging, with new metabolite analysis improving doping control.

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05:52

Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: June 30, 2011

Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice
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Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Sports Science
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Insulin, known for anabolic and anticatabolic effects, is banned in sports due to performance-enhancing potential.
  • Synthetic insulin analogs offer modified pharmacokinetic profiles, complicating detection.
  • Limited data exists on insulin's metabolic fate and renal elimination, crucial for doping control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the importance of insulin in human metabolism and its misuse in sports.
  • To discuss the development and characteristics of rapid- and long-acting insulin analogs.
  • To highlight challenges and advancements in detecting insulin misuse for anti-doping efforts.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on insulin's physiological effects, misuse, and detection.
  • Analysis of research on synthetic insulin analog development and properties.
  • Examination of current and emerging analytical techniques for insulin doping control.

Main Results:

  • Insulin's anabolic/anticatabolic properties are well-documented, leading to its ban in sports.
  • Modified insulin analogs (rapid/long-acting) have been developed, altering detection targets.
  • Detection methods have evolved from intact insulin to urinary metabolites, requiring sophisticated analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Insulin misuse in sports remains a concern due to its performance-enhancing capabilities.
  • Advanced analytical methods, including metabolite detection, are crucial for effective anti-doping.
  • Further research is needed to develop rapid screening tools for insulin misuse.