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Solubility

Solubility

Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules, atoms, and/or ions)...

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Solution Formation

There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective solubility...

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Dipole Moment of a Molecule

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug pKa, Lipophilicity and GI pH

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug pKa, Lipophilicity and GI pH

Drug absorption within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex process influenced by several critical factors, including the site pH, the drug's dissociation constant (pKa), and the drug's lipophilicity. The GI tract exhibits a pH gradient, with an acidic environment in the stomach and a more alkaline environment in the small intestine. This pH variation directly affects the ionization state of drugs.
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Entropy and Solvation

Entropy and Solvation

The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ ≥ 15); an...

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The Colloidal State

The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called the...

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Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles

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Solvent properties governing solute partitioning in polymer/polymer aqueous two-phase systems: nonionic compounds.

Pedro P Madeira¹, Celso A Reis, Alírio E Rodrigues

¹Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal. ppalma@fe.up.pt

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B

|December 22, 2009

Summary

This study measured solvent properties like polarity and hydrogen-bonding in aqueous polymer systems. These properties effectively predicted how neutral compounds would partition between system phases.

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Solubility of Hydrophobic Compounds in Aqueous Solution Using Combinations of Self-assembling Peptide and Amino Acid

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Area of Science:

Physical Chemistry
Separation Science
Biotechnology

Background:

Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) are crucial for bioseparation.
Understanding phase properties is key to optimizing ATPS applications.
Solvatochromic parameters offer a detailed characterization of solvent environments.

Purpose of the Study:

To measure solvatochromic parameters (polarity, acidity, basicity) in diverse aqueous polymer/polymer ATPS.
To correlate these solvent properties with the partitioning behavior of neutral compounds.
To establish a predictive model for solute partitioning in ATPS.

Main Methods:

Measurement of solvatochromic parameters (pi*, alpha, beta) in coexisting ATPS phases.
Determination of partitioning coefficients for six neutral compounds across nine ATPS.
Application of the solvatochromic equation to model solute partitioning.

Main Results:

Solvatochromic parameters varied across the different ATPS phases.
Partitioning coefficients were successfully described using the solvatochromic equation.
Three key solvent descriptors adequately predicted solute partitioning in all tested ATPS.

Conclusions:

Solvatochromic parameters provide valuable insights into the unique microenvironments within ATPS phases.
The established model enables accurate prediction of neutral solute partitioning in ATPS.
This work enhances the rational design and optimization of ATPS for bioseparation processes.