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Related Concept Videos

Psychosis and Antipsychotic Drugs: Overview01:28

Psychosis and Antipsychotic Drugs: Overview

The term "psychosis" refers to a spectrum of mental disorders characterized by abnormal thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors. It can manifest as mood disorders, dementia, delirium with psychotic features, substance-induced psychosis with psychotic features, brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia. Among all these disorders, schizophrenia is the most common psychotic disorder, affecting 1% of the worldwide population. Psychotic symptoms in all...
Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy01:26

Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy

Antipsychotic drugs are a crucial treatment method for acute and chronic psychoses, bipolar illness, and behavioral disorders. The selection of these drugs depends on several factors, including the state of the disease, clinical judgment, possible drug interactions, and the patient's sensitivity to adverse effects. In immediate scenarios, such as delirium and dementia, short-term treatment with low doses of high-potency typical or atypical agents can effectively manage symptom exacerbation. For...
Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents01:21

Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents

Antipsychotic drugs are classified into first-generation (typical) drugs including phenothiazines; and second-generation (atypical) drugs. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine), a phenothiazine derivative, broadly impacts the central, autonomic, and endocrine systems. This drug, along with typical agents like haloperidol (Haldol), primarily works by antagonizing D2 receptors, thus reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, typical antipsychotics can cause side effects such as sedation...
Antipsychotic Drugs: Therapeutic Uses and Side Effects01:21

Antipsychotic Drugs: Therapeutic Uses and Side Effects

Antipsychotic drugs primarily block dopamine and serotonin receptors and cholinergic, adrenergic, and histaminergic receptors, thereby reducing hallucinations and delusions in conditions like schizophrenia. However, they can trigger unwanted extrapyramidal effects such as dystonias, Parkinson-like symptoms, and tardive dyskinesia.
Despite these side effects, antipsychotics are used therapeutically for various purposes, including managing schizophrenia, preventing nausea and vomiting, curbing...
Drug Therapy01:28

Drug Therapy

The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
Antianxiety Medications
Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists01:30

Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists

Cognitive enhancers, also known as "smart drugs," are substances used to enhance memory, mental alertness, and concentration. These can be natural or synthetic and improve cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Some common examples include caffeine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, arecoline, donepezil, vortioxetine, and piracetam. These enhancers work on the principle of synaptic plasticity and altered circuit function. They...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills
10:32

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Published on: April 23, 2014

Effect of second-generation antipsychotics on cognition: current issues and future challenges.

S Kristian Hill1, Jeffrey R Bishop, Donna Palumbo

  • 1Center for Cognitive Medicine (M/C 913), University of Illinois at Chicago, 912 South Wood Street, Suite 235, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. shill@psych.uic.edu

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
|December 22, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Schizophrenia cognitive impairments show limited improvement with current antipsychotics. Novel adjunctive drugs and translational biomarkers are needed for better treatment and drug development.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills
10:32

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Published on: April 23, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Generalized cognitive impairments are stable deficits in schizophrenia, significantly contributing to functional disability.
  • While preclinical studies suggest benefits, recent clinical trials show only modest cognitive improvements with second-generation antipsychotics compared to first-generation antipsychotics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of current antipsychotics in treating cognitive impairments in schizophrenia.
  • To identify potential reasons for limited treatment effects and suggest future directions for drug discovery.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical data and large clinical trials on antipsychotic effects on cognition in schizophrenia.
  • Analysis of potential factors limiting treatment efficacy, including drug effects, disease-related brain alterations, and outcome measure sensitivity.

Main Results:

  • Second-generation antipsychotics demonstrate only modest cognitive benefits in schizophrenia patients, similar to first-generation antipsychotics.
  • Existing neuropsychological tests may lack sensitivity to detect meaningful cognitive changes.

Conclusions:

  • Current antipsychotic medications offer limited procognitive benefits in schizophrenia.
  • Development of novel adjunctive procognitive drugs is necessary for substantial cognitive and functional improvement.
  • Enhanced utilization of translational neurocognitive biomarkers is crucial for efficient and accelerated drug discovery in schizophrenia.