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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
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Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
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Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Hepatitis C and interferon induced thyroiditis.

Yaron Tomer1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Box 1118, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA. Yaron.Tomer@mssm.edu

Journal of Autoimmunity
|December 22, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and interferon alpha (IFNa) therapy are linked to autoimmune thyroiditis. This review examines these environmental factors in autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) development.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) result from genetic, epigenetic, and environmental interactions.
  • Environmental factors like iodine, smoking, and medications contribute to AITD.
  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and interferon alpha (IFNa) therapy are significant environmental triggers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of HCV infection and IFNa therapy as environmental triggers of AITD.
  • To discuss the clinical presentation and epidemiology of HCV and interferon-induced thyroiditis (IIT).
  • To highlight the current understanding and gaps in knowledge regarding the mechanisms of IIT.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on studies investigating HCV, IFNa therapy, and thyroid autoimmunity.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data and clinical presentations of thyroid dysfunction in HCV patients.
  • Synthesis of existing research on the pathogenesis of interferon-induced thyroiditis.

Main Results:

  • Chronic HCV infection is associated with increased incidence of clinical and subclinical autoimmune thyroiditis.
  • IFNa therapy for HCV can induce thyroiditis (autoimmune or non-autoimmune) in up to 40% of patients.
  • Interferon-induced thyroiditis can cause severe symptoms, sometimes requiring therapy cessation.

Conclusions:

  • HCV infection and IFNa therapy are established environmental triggers for AITD.
  • While clinical aspects are known, the underlying mechanisms of HCV and interferon-induced thyroiditis require further investigation.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for managing AITD in patients with chronic HCV infection.