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Related Concept Videos

Muscle Coordination and Action01:24

Muscle Coordination and Action

Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Agonists
Agonist muscles, often called prime movers, are the primary muscles responsible for producing a specific movement.
Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal,...
Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...
Centroid of a Body: Problem Solving01:03

Centroid of a Body: Problem Solving

The centroid of a body is a crucial concept in engineering and physics. Finding the centroid of a body can help determine its stability, its balance point, and even its design. In this context, consider a thin wire bent in the form of a quarter circular arc. Polar coordinates are used to calculate the centroid. The wire is first divided into small differential elements of a length equal to the radius multiplied by the differential angle.
The x-coordinates and y-coordinates of each element's...
Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb
08:24

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb

Published on: August 30, 2016

Multi-segmental torso coordination during the transition from sitting to standing.

Molly B Johnson1, Timothy W Cacciatore, Joseph Hamill

  • 1Neuroscience & Behavior Program, 110 Totman Bldg., 30 Eastman Lane, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. mjohnson@nsm.umass.edu <mjohnson@nsm.umass.edu>

Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon)
|December 22, 2009
PubMed
Summary

The sit-to-stand movement involves significant torso mobility, with distinct coordination patterns between head and torso segments. Adjacent segments show greater temporal coordination than those further apart.

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Quantifying Arms and Legs Contributions during Repetitive Electrically-Assisted Sit-To-Stand Exercise in Paraplegics: A Pilot Study

Published on: November 11, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb
08:24

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb

Published on: August 30, 2016

Quantifying Arms and Legs Contributions during Repetitive Electrically-Assisted Sit-To-Stand Exercise in Paraplegics: A Pilot Study
08:40

Quantifying Arms and Legs Contributions during Repetitive Electrically-Assisted Sit-To-Stand Exercise in Paraplegics: A Pilot Study

Published on: November 11, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Human Movement Analysis
  • Kinesiology

Background:

  • Understanding torso mobility is crucial for analyzing head and torso contributions to human movement.
  • The sit-to-stand (STS) task is a fundamental daily activity offering insights into functional movement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the motion and temporal coordination of the head and multiple torso segments during the STS task.
  • To analyze the kinematic patterns and inter-segmental timing during STS transitions.

Main Methods:

  • 3D kinematic data were collected from 32 healthy participants performing the STS task.
  • Analysis included range of motion, peak flexion/extension, and cross-correlation of six torso segments.

Main Results:

  • Torso joints exhibited greater sagittal range of motion during STS compared to sitting.
  • Peak joint flexion preceded peak extension, with the lumbar/pelvis joint showing the most motion.
  • Temporal coordination was higher between adjacent torso segments and intermediate segments compared to segments involving the head and pelvis.

Conclusions:

  • The STS task reveals substantial multi-segmental torso mobility and regional differences in movement timing.
  • Varying coordination patterns suggest distinct functional roles for different torso segments.
  • Multi-segmental torso models can differentiate movement strategies in healthy populations and identify clinical differences.