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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
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Transdermal patches transport drugs through the...
Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

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Additional Routes of Drug Administration01:18

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery
05:44

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Published on: November 14, 2018

Intranasal insulin: from nose to brain.

R I Henkin1

  • 1Center for Molecular Nutrition and Sensory Disorders, The Taste and Smell Clinic, Washington, DC, USA. rihenkin@earthlink.net

Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)
|December 22, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intranasal insulin

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Published on: November 14, 2018

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neuroscience
  • Metabolism

Background:

  • Intranasal insulin aids hyperglycemia control in diabetics, but its mechanism remains unclear.
  • Understanding insulin's role in nasal mucus and saliva is crucial for its brain-related functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate human insulin metabolism by measuring insulin and related factors in nasal mucus, saliva, and blood plasma.
  • To explore how these factors change under various physiological and pathological conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Measured insulin, insulin receptors, IGF1, and IGFR3 in nasal mucus, saliva, and plasma.
  • Studied normal, obese, and diabetic subjects under fasting and fed states.

Main Results:

  • Complex interactions exist among insulin and associated moieties in all biological fluids.
  • Insulin and related factors in nasal mucus and saliva reflect glucose metabolism changes, similar to plasma.
  • Nasal insulin may provide insights into brain insulin transport and metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • Data suggest insulin synthesis in nasal serous glands, in addition to parotid glands.
  • Intranasal insulin may reach the brain via olfactory nerves or blood-brain barrier receptors.
  • Insulin can move from the brain to the peripheral circulation, and nasal mucus/saliva play roles in insulin metabolism.