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Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of β-Ketoacids

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO₂: Decarboxylation of β-Ketoacids

Carboxylic acids, upon heating, undergo a decarboxylation reaction by releasing carbon dioxide gas. Monocarboxylic acids do not undergo decarboxylation easily. However, a silver salt of carboxylic acid reacts with bromine or iodine under high temperature to release carbon dioxide gas and forms halide with one less carbon. This reaction is called the Hunsdiecker reaction.

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO₂: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives

Just like β-keto acids—which upon thermal decarboxylation form ketones—β-dicarboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation to generate monocarboxylic acids with the liberation of carbon dioxide.

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Carboxylation of Grignard Reagents

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Carboxylation of Grignard Reagents

Carboxylic acids can be prepared by the carboxylation of Grignard reagents (RMgX). This method is convenient for converting alkyl (primary, secondary or tertiary), vinyl, benzyl, and aryl halides to carboxylic acids with one additional carbon than the starting RMgX.

Reactions of Carboxylic Acids: Introduction

Reactions of Carboxylic Acids: Introduction

Carboxylic acids possess an acidic –COOH functional group. The acidity can be attributed to the resonance stabilization of their conjugate base, wherein the negative charge is delocalized over both oxygen atoms.

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

Baeyer–Villiger oxidation converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids and ketones to esters. The reaction uses peroxy acids or peracids and is often catalyzed by acid. The reaction is named after its pioneers, Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger. The reaction is achieved by a wide range of peracids such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), perbenzoic acid (C6H5COOOH), peracetic acid (CH3COOOH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH).
The carbonyl center is activated by...

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...

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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Light-driven Enzymatic Decarboxylation

Light-driven Enzymatic Decarboxylation

Published on: May 22, 2016

Biocatalytic carboxylation.

Silvia M Glueck¹, Selcuc Gümüs, Walter M F Fabian

¹Research Centre Applied Biocatalysis, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria.

Chemical Society Reviews

|December 22, 2009

Summary

Utilizing carbon dioxide (CO2) as a feedstock is a sustainable alternative to petroleum. This review covers enzymatic carboxylation for CO2 fixation and biodegradation processes for carboxylic acid synthesis.

Area of Science:

Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis
Environmental Chemistry and Sustainability

Background:

Declining petroleum resources and rising atmospheric CO2 necessitate alternative chemical feedstocks.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) utilization is gaining traction for synthesizing valuable organic compounds.
Enzymatic carboxylation offers a promising biocatalytic approach to CO2 fixation.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of specific biosynthetic pathways for CO2 fixation.
To summarize enzyme-catalyzed biodegradation and detoxification processes.
To highlight the application of enzymes with relaxed substrate specificities for regioselective carboxylation.

Main Methods:

Review of scientific literature on CO2 fixation pathways.
Analysis of enzymatic processes for CO2 utilization.

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Examination of biodegradation pathways involving carboxylation.

Main Results:

Identification of highly specific biosynthetic routes for CO2 fixation.
Summary of detoxification enzymes applicable to CO2 conversion.
Demonstration of regioselective carboxylation of organic substrates using enzymes.
Synthesis of corresponding carboxylic acids from organic substrates.

Conclusions:

Enzymatic carboxylation presents a viable strategy for CO2 utilization.
Enzymes with relaxed substrate specificities enable efficient synthesis of carboxylic acids.
Biocatalytic approaches offer sustainable alternatives for chemical synthesis.