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Related Concept Videos

Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Three-coordinate late transition metal fluorinated alkoxide complexes.

Stefanie A Cantalupo1, June S Lum, Marisa C Buzzeo

  • 1Boston University, Chemistry Department, 590 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|December 22, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New fluorinated alkoxide complexes were synthesized and characterized. These rare trigonal complexes exhibit unique electronic properties and ligand field interactions, offering insights into coordination chemistry.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Organometallic Chemistry

Background:

  • Homoleptic fluorinated alkoxide complexes are of interest due to their unique electronic and steric properties.
  • The synthesis and characterization of low-coordinate metal alkoxides present significant challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel homoleptic fluorinated alkoxide complexes.
  • To investigate the structural diversity and electronic properties of these complexes, particularly focusing on rare trigonal geometries.
  • To explore the electrochemical behavior and ligand field effects of the perfluoro-t-butoxide ligand.

Main Methods:

  • Salt metathesis reactions were employed for the synthesis of the target complexes.
  • Crystallographic characterization was performed on the synthesized compounds.
  • UV-vis and IR spectroscopy, solution magnetic susceptibility, and elemental analysis were used for characterization.
  • Cyclic voltammetry was utilized to study the electrochemical behavior in solution.
  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed to analyze ligand field effects.

Main Results:

  • One four-coordinate and four three-coordinate homoleptic fluorinated alkoxide complexes were successfully prepared.
  • Compounds 3, 4, and 6 represent rare examples of monomeric, trigonal alkoxide complexes.
  • Crystallographic data confirmed the structures of most synthesized compounds.
  • Electrochemical studies revealed distinct Co2+/Co3+ potentials for three-coordinate and four-coordinate cobalt complexes.
  • DFT calculations provided insights into the electronic interactions and ligand field effects of the perfluoro-t-butoxide ligand.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully synthesized and characterized a series of novel homoleptic fluorinated alkoxide complexes, including rare trigonal species.
  • The perfluoro-t-butoxide ligand demonstrates significant electronic influence and contributes to unique coordination geometries.
  • Electrochemical and computational analyses provide a deeper understanding of the electronic structure and reactivity of these complexes.