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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease
Published on: January 7, 2014
Occupational factors and risk of Parkinson's disease: A population-based case-control study
Jordan A Firestone1, Jessica I Lundin, Karen M Powers
1Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. jfire@u.washington.edu
Background:
Parkinson's disease (PD) has been associated with various workplace factors, but the evidence is inconsistent.
Objective:
To estimate the risk of PD associated with various jobs and workplace exposures.
Methods:
We conducted a population-based, case-control study of 404 incident PD cases and 526 age and sex-matched controls, collecting self-reported work histories including job titles and exposures to various industrial toxicants. Relative risks of PD from these exposures were estimated with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using logistic regression.
Results:
Risk was not significantly affected by farming work, by metal work, or by exposure to pesticides, metals, or solvents.
Conclusions:
These findings do not provide support for the hypothesis that workplace factors affect the risk of PD.
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