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Related Concept Videos

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Effects of secondhand smoke on thyroid function.

Andres E Carrillo1, Giorgos S Metsios, Andreas D Flouris

  • 1FAME Laboratory, Institute of Human Performance and Rehabilitation, Centre for Research and Technology Thessaly, Trikala, GR42100, Greece.

Inflammation & Allergy Drug Targets
|December 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure disrupts thyroid function and hormone production through toxic elements and inflammation. This can lead to increased metabolic rate and potentially worsen thyroid autoimmune diseases.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Environmental Health
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is increasingly linked to disruptions in thyroid function.
  • Toxic components in cigarette smoke, like thiocyanate, may impair thyroid hormone production.
  • SHS-induced inflammation, involving cytokines like IL-1beta and IL-6, affects thyroid function and autoimmunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the mechanisms by which SHS exposure impacts thyroid function.
  • To investigate the role of SHS in thyroid hormonogenesis, iodine uptake, and autoimmune processes.
  • To understand how SHS-induced disruptions alter metabolic processes and body composition.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing evidence on SHS exposure and thyroid function.
  • Analysis of toxic elements and inflammatory mediators in SHS.
  • Examination of SHS effects on thyroid hormonogenesis, iodine uptake, and autoimmunity.
  • Assessment of metabolic consequences, including resting energy expenditure.

Main Results:

  • SHS exposure impairs thyroid hormonogenesis and iodine uptake.
  • SHS triggers inflammatory responses (IL-1beta, IL-6) in thyroid cells, potentially exacerbating autoimmunity.
  • SHS exposure increases resting energy expenditure by approximately 10% due to catabolic processes.
  • Biological factors like sex and pre-existing thyroid conditions may influence SHS effects.

Conclusions:

  • SHS exposure significantly disrupts thyroid function through toxic and inflammatory pathways.
  • The link between SHS and thyroid autoimmunity requires further investigation.
  • SHS-induced thyroid disruption impacts metabolic rate and body composition, highlighting a significant public health concern.