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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Morphogenesis of the thyroid gland.

Henrik Fagman1, Mikael Nilsson

  • 1Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche "Gaetano Salvatore" (IRGS), Biogem scarl.,Via Camporeale, 830 31 Ariano Irpino, Italy. fagman@biogem.it <fagman@biogem.it>

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
|December 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid dysgenesis, a cause of congenital hypothyroidism, involves defects in thyroid precursor cell development and migration. Understanding these processes is key to addressing malformations and potential links to heart development.

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Two-step Approach to Explore Early- and Late-stages of Organ Formation in the Avian Model: The Thymus and Parathyroid Glands Organogenesis Paradigm
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Two-step Approach to Explore Early- and Late-stages of Organ Formation in the Avian Model: The Thymus and Parathyroid Glands Organogenesis Paradigm

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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Two-step Approach to Explore Early- and Late-stages of Organ Formation in the Avian Model: The Thymus and Parathyroid Glands Organogenesis Paradigm
13:43

Two-step Approach to Explore Early- and Late-stages of Organ Formation in the Avian Model: The Thymus and Parathyroid Glands Organogenesis Paradigm

Published on: June 17, 2018

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Congenital hypothyroidism often results from thyroid dysgenesis, characterized by abnormal thyroid tissue localization (ectopia) or absence (athyreosis).
  • Thyroid malformations stem from issues in thyroid precursor cell specification, proliferation, survival, and migration during embryonic development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key morphogenetic steps in thyroid organogenesis.
  • To identify crucial regulatory mechanisms in thyroid development that remain to be uncovered.
  • To discuss potential interactions between thyroid and cardiovascular development, given their co-occurrence in congenital defects.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on embryonic studies of thyroid development in chicken, mouse, and zebrafish.
  • Analysis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of thyroid precursor cell migration and differentiation.
  • Comparative analysis of thyroid and cardiovascular development.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid development involves specification of endodermal progenitors, caudal migration, and differentiation into hormone-producing follicles.
  • Later stages include organ remodeling and integration of C-cell progenitors from pharyngeal pouches.
  • Impaired precursor cell behavior is central to thyroid dysgenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Key morphogenetic steps and regulatory mechanisms of thyroid organogenesis are highlighted.
  • Gaps in knowledge regarding thyroid developmental dynamics are identified.
  • The review underscores the importance of understanding thyroid development for congenital hypothyroidism and potential links to congenital heart defects.