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Influenza

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...

Leaky Scanning

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

Viral Recombination

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Measuring Attachment and Internalization of Influenza A Virus in A549 Cells by Flow Cytometry

Measuring Attachment and Internalization of Influenza A Virus in A549 Cells by Flow Cytometry

Published on: November 4, 2015

Human host factors required for influenza virus replication.

Renate König¹, Silke Stertz, Yingyao Zhou

¹Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research.

|December 23, 2009

Summary

This study identified 295 host cell factors crucial for influenza A virus replication using genome-wide screening. Targeting these factors, like vATPase and CAMK2B, shows promise for developing new antiviral drugs against influenza viruses.

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Affinity Purification of Influenza Virus Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from the Chromatin of Infected Cells

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Measuring Attachment and Internalization of Influenza A Virus in A549 Cells by Flow Cytometry

Measuring Attachment and Internalization of Influenza A Virus in A549 Cells by Flow Cytometry

Published on: November 4, 2015

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses

Published on: January 20, 2017

Affinity Purification of Influenza Virus Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from the Chromatin of Infected Cells

Affinity Purification of Influenza Virus Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from the Chromatin of Infected Cells

Published on: June 3, 2012

Area of Science:

Virology
Cell Biology
Systems Biology

Background:

Influenza A virus relies heavily on host cell machinery due to its limited coding capacity.
Understanding host-pathogen interactions is key for identifying novel antiviral targets.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify cellular cofactors essential for influenza A virus replication using a systems biology approach.
To explore potential antiviral targets based on host-pathogen interactions.

Main Methods:

Genome-wide RNA interference screening was employed to identify host factors.
A host-pathogen interaction network was constructed and analyzed.
Functional validation of identified factors in viral replication was performed.

Main Results:

295 cellular cofactors required for early influenza virus replication were identified.
Kinase signaling, ubiquitination, and phosphatase pathways were highly enriched.
219 factors were confirmed essential for wild-type influenza virus growth, including 23 for viral entry (e.g., vATPase, FGFR, GSK3-beta) and 10 for post-entry steps (e.g., CAMK2B).
Swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus replication also depends on these factors.

Conclusions:

A significant number of host factors are critical for influenza virus replication.
Inhibitors of host factors like vATPase and CAMK2B demonstrate antiviral activity against influenza A virus.
These findings provide a foundation for developing novel antiviral therapies targeting host-pathogen interactions.