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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
Application of Integration: Problem Solving01:30

Application of Integration: Problem Solving

The process of breathing involves the periodic intake and expulsion of air, known as the respiratory cycle, which typically lasts about five seconds. Modeling the volume of air inhaled into the lungs as a function of time provides insight into both the dynamics and efficiency of pulmonary ventilation. This volume is determined by integrating the airflow rate over time, which captures the cumulative effect of air entering the lungs.Sinusoidal Model of AirflowAirflow during respiration is not...
Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection01:27

Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection

Physical assessment of the respiratory tract through inspection is a crucial step in understanding the patient's respiratory health. It provides insights into the functioning of the respiratory system, the musculoskeletal structure, and even the patient's nutritional status. This comprehensive approach involves observing several vital aspects: chest configuration, breathing patterns, respiratory rates, skin color, and use of accessory muscles.
Chest Configuration
The chest configuration can...
Mechanism of Breathing II: Expiration01:23

Mechanism of Breathing II: Expiration

The Physiology of Expiration: A Seamless Respiratory Process
Expiration, or exhaling, is a complex physiological process that begins as the inspiratory muscles begin to relax. This relaxation triggers a series of events that epitomize the efficiency of the respiratory system.
Mechanism of Expiration:
Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract IV: Auscultation01:28

Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract IV: Auscultation

Auscultation is a crucial component of the physical assessment of the respiratory tract. It offers valuable insights into airflow through the bronchial tree and potential lung obstructions. This process involves careful listening to breath, voice, and adventitious sounds, which can reveal a wealth of information about a patient's respiratory health.
Breath Sounds
Breath sounds are categorized into vesicular, bronchovesicular, and bronchial.
Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm01:29

Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm

Respiratory Depth
Respiratory depth measures the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a breath. It can vary from shallow to deep and typically remains consistent when a person is at rest or asleep. Occasionally, individuals will automatically inhale deeply, known as sighing, which inflates the lungs with more air than normal breathing.
To assess respiratory depth, observe the degree of chest excursion or movement:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Combining Volumetric Capnography And Barometric Plethysmography To Measure The Lung Structure-function Relationship
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Characterizing exhaled airflow from breathing and talking.

Jitendra K Gupta1, Chao-Hsin Lin, Qingyan Chen

  • 1National Air Transportation Center of Excellence for Research in the Intermodal Transport Environment, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47906-2088, USA.

Indoor Air
|December 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a model for exhaled airflow during breathing and talking. This model, based on human subject measurements, provides thermo-fluid conditions crucial for predicting infectious disease transmission and identifying infection zones.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Aerosol science
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Exhaled air from infected individuals is a primary source of contagious viruses.
  • Understanding the thermo-fluid dynamics of exhaled airflow is critical for predicting infectious disease transmission.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a source model for the thermo-fluid conditions of exhaled air during breathing and talking.
  • To provide accurate boundary conditions for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of disease transmission.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted measurements on human subjects to gather data on flow rate, direction, and mouth/nose opening area.
  • Developed a set of equations representing the exhaled airflow characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Exhaled flow rate follows a sinusoidal pattern during breathing and is constant during talking.
  • Exhalation jet direction is consistent across subjects; mouth/nose opening area is relatively constant.
  • Mouth/nose opening size variation among subjects did not correlate with physiological parameters.

Conclusions:

  • The developed source model can describe disease spread from breathing and talking when combined with virus and droplet distribution data.
  • Accurate prediction of airborne disease transmission and infection zones aids in implementing effective control strategies.
  • CFD simulations, utilizing these models, are powerful tools for predicting disease transmission.