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Related Concept Videos

Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
The Proteasome01:13

The Proteasome

Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important among these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
In this pathway, the target proteins are first tagged with small proteins called ubiquitin. This involves participation of a series of enzymes including— E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3 (ubiquitin...
The Proteasome02:18

The Proteasome

Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important amongst these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
In this pathway, the target proteins are first tagged with small proteins called ubiquitin. A series of enzymes carry out the ubiquitination of the target proteins - E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3...

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Related Experiment Video

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Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
12:48

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation

Published on: August 21, 2017

Proteases in MHC class I presentation and cross-presentation.

Kenneth L Rock1, Diego J Farfán-Arribas, Lianjun Shen

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. Kenneth.Rock@umassmed.edu

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|December 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary

The immune system uses antigen presentation to eliminate mutated or infected cells. This review details how CD8 T lymphocytes identify and destroy threats via antigen presentation mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Mutated or virally infected cells pose a threat to host organisms.
  • The immune system, specifically CD8 T lymphocytes, has evolved mechanisms to detect and eliminate these abnormal cells.
  • Antigen (Ag) presentation is crucial for initiating and executing CD8 T cell responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of Ag presentation involved in CD8 T cell responses.
  • To focus on how antigenic peptides are generated for presentation by different cell types.
  • To highlight differences in Ag presentation mechanisms between sentinel cells and other cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cellular Ag presentation pathways.
  • Analysis of peptide generation processes for MHC class I presentation.
  • Comparison of Ag presentation strategies employed by sentinel cells versus other antigen-presenting cells.

Main Results:

  • CD8 T cell responses involve two distinct phases: priming and effector functions.
  • Sentinel cells gather and present tissue-resident Ags to naive CD8 T cells.
  • Effector CD8 T cells recognize and eliminate pathological cells displaying immunogenic Ags.

Conclusions:

  • Effective elimination of compromised host cells relies on sophisticated Ag presentation pathways.
  • Understanding these pathways, particularly peptide generation, is key to immune surveillance.
  • Variations in Ag presentation mechanisms contribute to the immune system's ability to target diverse threats.