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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

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Formation of Species

Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.Allopatric SpeciationIn allopatric speciation, gene flow between two populations of the same species is prevented by a geographic barrier, like...
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Combinatorial Gene Control

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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans
07:54

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: March 15, 2018

Genomic and expression plasticity of polyploidy.

Scott Jackson1, Z Jeffrey Chen

  • 1Molecular and Evolutionary Genetics, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.

Current Opinion in Plant Biology
|December 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Whole genome duplication (WGD) in plants drives rapid genomic changes. Epigenetic mechanisms, like chromatin modifications and small RNAs, are key to adapting polyploid plants and crops for novelty and domestication.

Keywords:
cropsepigeneticsnonadditive gene expressionpaleopolyploidypolyploidysmall RNAs

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10:04

Establishment of Proliferative Tetraploid Cells from Nontransformed Human Fibroblasts

Published on: January 8, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Plant Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Polyploidy, or whole genome duplication (WGD), is a significant evolutionary event in plants and some animals, including major crops.
  • Polyploid genomes exhibit dynamic structural and gene expression changes, indicating substantial plasticity.
  • Uniparental gene regulation and non-additive gene expression are common in polyploids, particularly in response to environmental factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of epigenetic mechanisms in shaping molecular and phenotypic novelty in polyploid plants.
  • To understand how epigenetic regulation contributes to the adaptation and domestication of polyploid crops.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of genomic structure and gene expression in plant polyploids.
  • Investigation of epigenetic modifications, including chromatin changes and small RNA pathways.
  • Comparative studies across different polyploid plant species and their diploid ancestors.

Main Results:

  • Documented rapid and dynamic alterations in genomic structure and gene expression in polyploid plants.
  • Identified uniparental gene regulation and non-additive gene expression patterns in key regulatory pathways.
  • Highlighted the central role of epigenetic mechanisms in generating novel molecular and phenotypic traits.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms, such as chromatin modifications and small RNAs, are crucial for the functional plasticity of polyploid genomes.
  • These epigenetic processes facilitate the selection and domestication of novel traits in polyploid plants and crops.
  • Polyploidy combined with epigenetic regulation drives evolutionary innovation in plant species.