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Related Concept Videos

Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Although the genome of each species varies greatly from each other, a few sequences are highly conserved. Such conserved DNA...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3 variants are also...
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

Overview
Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
Evolution of Microbial Genome01:08

Evolution of Microbial Genome

Microbial genome evolution is a highly dynamic process shaped by continual gene gain and loss across species and strains. This genomic flexibility allows microorganisms to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures and interactions with other organisms. Central to understanding this diversity is the distinction between the core and pan genomes.The core genome comprises the genes shared by all sampled strains of a species, representing essential functions needed for fundamental cellular processes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Investigating the Spreading and Toxicity of Prion-like Proteins Using the Metazoan Model Organism C. elegans
12:57

Investigating the Spreading and Toxicity of Prion-like Proteins Using the Metazoan Model Organism C. elegans

Published on: January 8, 2015

Ancient news: HMGBs are universal sentinels.

Marco E Bianchi1, Barbara Celona

  • 1Chromatin Dynamics Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele University and Scientific Institute, via Olgettina, 58, 20132 Milan, Italy. bianchi.marco@hsr.it

Journal of Molecular Cell Biology
|December 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary

High mobility group box proteins (HMGBs) are ancient sensors for viral nucleic acids, indicating cell infection. This mechanism highlights HMGBs

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology

Background:

  • High mobility group box proteins (HMGBs) are known for their roles in DNA binding and chromatin remodeling.
  • Viral infections trigger innate immune responses involving pattern recognition receptors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of High mobility group box proteins (HMGBs) as sensors of viral nucleic acids.
  • To explore the evolutionary significance of HMGBs in virus detection.

Main Methods:

  • The study likely involved experiments to detect HMGBs in response to viral nucleic acids.
  • Analysis of evolutionary conservation of HMGBs in virus sensing.

Main Results:

  • High mobility group box proteins (HMGBs) were identified as universal sensors of viral nucleic acids.

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Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin
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Published on: January 8, 2015

Forward Genetics Screens Using Macrophages to Identify Toxoplasma gondii Genes Important for Resistance to IFN-γ-Dependent Cell Autonomous Immunity
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Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin

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  • This sensing mechanism is conserved across evolution, suggesting an ancient role in virus detection.

    • Conclusions:

    • High mobility group box proteins (HMGBs) play a crucial role in detecting viral infections by sensing viral nucleic acids.
    • This ancient mechanism underscores the broader function of HMGBs in integrating cellular stress and survival signals.