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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...
Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...

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Osmotic Minipump Implantation for Increasing Glucose Concentration in Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid
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Hypoglycemia aggravates critical illness-induced neurocognitive dysfunction.

Thomas Duning1, Ingeborg van den Heuvel, Annabelle Dickmann

  • 1Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.

Diabetes Care
|December 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tight glycemic control in critically ill patients may increase hypoglycemia risk. This study found that hypoglycemia episodes can worsen neurocognitive dysfunction, particularly visuospatial skills, in intensive care unit survivors.

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Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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Published on: June 11, 2012

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Osmotic Minipump Implantation for Increasing Glucose Concentration in Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid
06:21

Osmotic Minipump Implantation for Increasing Glucose Concentration in Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid

Published on: April 7, 2023

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Critical care medicine
  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Tight glycemic control (TGC) in critically ill patients is linked to increased hypoglycemia risk.
  • The long-term neurocognitive effects of hypoglycemia in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if hypoglycemia during TGC in critical illness causes permanent neurocognitive dysfunction in survivors.
  • To assess the impact of hypoglycemia on cognitive function compared to matched controls.

Main Methods:

  • A case-control study design was used with adult survivors treated in a surgical ICU.
  • 37 patients with at least one hypoglycemia episode were matched with 37 control patients.
  • Neuropsychological tests evaluating five cognitive domains were administered at least 1 year post-ICU discharge.

Main Results:

  • Critical illness itself led to neurocognitive dysfunction in all tested domains for both groups.
  • Hypoglycemia significantly aggravated neurocognitive dysfunction in visuospatial skills (P < 0.01).
  • Hyperglycemia and blood glucose fluctuations also correlated with worse visuospatial skills.

Conclusions:

  • Hypoglycemia exacerbates critical illness-induced neurocognitive dysfunction to a limited but significant degree.
  • The impact of hyperglycemia and glucose variability on neurocognitive function requires further investigation.