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Psychological responses to stress encompass the various cognitive and emotional reactions individuals experience when faced with challenging or threatening situations, such as a job loss. Prolonged exposure to stressors can disturb emotional balance, increasing negative emotions (e.g., anxiety and sadness) and diminishing positive emotions (e.g., joy and satisfaction). These persistent emotional shifts are associated with an increased risk of both physical illness and mental health issues, such...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats
03:48

Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats

Published on: December 6, 2024

Brain amines and emotional stress.

E L Bliss1, J Zwanziger

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah College of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.

Journal of Psychiatric Research
|December 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Emotional stress in rodents causes significant drops in brain norepinephrine (NE). This neurochemical change is a generalized response to distress, not solely due to physical activity.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurochemistry
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Emotional stress is a common experience with physiological consequences.
  • Neurotransmitter levels in the brain are crucial for regulating mood and behavior.
  • Previous research has explored the impact of stress on various brain chemicals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neurochemical changes in the brain associated with emotional stress in common laboratory animals.
  • To determine if norepinephrine levels decrease during emotional distress.
  • To examine the stability of other key neurotransmitters under similar conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Administering emotional stress paradigms to mice, guinea pigs, and rats.
  • Measuring neurotransmitter concentrations in various brain regions (cortex, subcortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus, brain stem).

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  • Analyzing levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and dopamine.

    • Main Results:

    • Emotional stress led to a 10-30% decrease in brain norepinephrine across all tested species.
    • This norepinephrine reduction was observed broadly across different brain regions.
    • Concentrations of serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and dopamine remained unchanged.

    Conclusions:

    • Decreased brain norepinephrine is a significant neurochemical correlate of intense emotional distress in rodents.
    • The observed changes are likely a direct consequence of the emotional state, rather than physical exertion.
    • Norepinephrine depletion may be a key component of the brain's generalized response to severe emotional upset.