Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...

Organization of the Brain

Organization of the Brain

The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
Hindbrain
The hindbrain, located at the base of the brain, plays a vital role in regulating automatic processes that sustain life. It includes the medulla oblongata, which is essential for...

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Is mpox an STI? The societal aspects and healthcare implications of a key question.

Wellcome open research·2023

Same author

Why co-infection may no longer be 'special'.

Positively aware : the monthly journal of the Test Positive Aware Network·2018

Same author

MOVING FORWARD WITH PrEP. THE BASICS OF PrEP.

Positively aware : the monthly journal of the Test Positive Aware Network·2015

Same author

PrEP RESEARCH: YESTERDAY, TODAY, AND TOMORROW.

Positively aware : the monthly journal of the Test Positive Aware Network·2015

Same author

Treating hepatitis B and C.

Positively aware : the monthly journal of the Test Positive Aware Network·2013

Same author

HIV eradication: time to talk about a cure.

BETA : bulletin of experimental treatments for AIDS : a publication of the San Francisco AIDS Foundation·2012

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

A Rat Model of EcoHIV Brain Infection

A Rat Model of EcoHIV Brain Infection

Published on: January 21, 2021

HIV and the brain.

Liz Highleyman¹

¹liz@black-rose.com

BETA : Bulletin of Experimental Treatments for AIDS : a Publication of the San Francisco AIDS Foundation

|December 26, 2009

Summary

HIV significantly impacts the brain, causing dementia and infections before effective treatment. While combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduced severe cases, milder neurocognitive impairment persists and may be increasing in people with HIV.

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Infectious Diseases
Public Health

Background:

HIV affects the brain, historically leading to opportunistic infections and dementia.
Effective combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) dramatically reduced severe HIV-related neurological conditions.
Milder neurocognitive impairment in people with HIV remains a significant concern.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize the historical and current impact of HIV on the brain.
To discuss the role of ART in altering the landscape of HIV-related neurological conditions.
To highlight the ongoing challenge of neurocognitive impairment in the aging HIV-positive population.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on HIV and neurological complications.
Analysis of trends in HIV-related dementia and opportunistic brain infections before and after ART.

More Related Videos

Identification of EcoHIV-Infected Cells in Microglia-Manipulated Transgenic Mice

Identification of EcoHIV-Infected Cells in Microglia-Manipulated Transgenic Mice

Published on: December 20, 2024

Quantification of Cerebral Vascular Architecture using Two-photon Microscopy in a Mouse Model of HIV-induced Neuroinflammation

Quantification of Cerebral Vascular Architecture using Two-photon Microscopy in a Mouse Model of HIV-induced Neuroinflammation

Published on: January 12, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

A Rat Model of EcoHIV Brain Infection

A Rat Model of EcoHIV Brain Infection

Published on: January 21, 2021

Identification of EcoHIV-Infected Cells in Microglia-Manipulated Transgenic Mice

Identification of EcoHIV-Infected Cells in Microglia-Manipulated Transgenic Mice

Published on: December 20, 2024

Quantification of Cerebral Vascular Architecture using Two-photon Microscopy in a Mouse Model of HIV-induced Neuroinflammation

Quantification of Cerebral Vascular Architecture using Two-photon Microscopy in a Mouse Model of HIV-induced Neuroinflammation

Published on: January 12, 2016

Examination of current research on persistent neurocognitive impairment in individuals with HIV.

Main Results:

Before ART, opportunistic infections and HIV-related dementia were common in people with AIDS.
Combination ART led to a significant decline in the prevalence of these severe neurological conditions.
Less severe neurocognitive impairment remains prevalent and may be increasing as people with HIV live longer.

Conclusions:

While ART has transformed outcomes, HIV neurological complications, particularly milder neurocognitive impairment, persist.
The long-term effects of living with HIV necessitate continued research into brain health.
Understanding and managing ongoing neurocognitive issues are crucial for the well-being of people with HIV.