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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
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Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
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Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
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The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...

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Monitoring Dynamic Changes In Mitochondrial Calcium Levels During Apoptosis Using A Genetically Encoded Calcium Sensor
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Mitochondrial calpain system: an overview.

Pulak Kar1, Krishna Samanta, Soni Shaikh

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India.

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
|December 29, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The mitochondrial calpain system, including mu-calpain, m-calpain, and calpain 10, is crucial in cell death. This review details its functions in normal and disease states.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The calpain system, comprising mu- and m-calpains and calpastatin, was traditionally viewed as cytoplasmic.
  • Recent studies reveal the presence and significance of calpains (mu-calpain, m-calpain, calpain 10) within mitochondria.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the mitochondrial calpain system.
  • To outline the key features and functions of mitochondrial calpains in cellular processes.
  • To discuss the roles of mitochondrial calpains in pathophysiological conditions, including cell death.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of original research articles on mitochondrial calpains.
  • Synthesis of existing data on the structure, localization, and function of mitochondrial calpains.
  • Analysis of the involvement of mitochondrial calpains in cellular events and disease.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondria host key components of the calpain system, influencing cellular fate.
  • Mitochondrial calpains are implicated in both necrotic and apoptotic cell death pathways.
  • The review consolidates current knowledge on the diverse roles of mitochondrial calpains.

Conclusions:

  • The mitochondrial calpain system is a critical regulator of cellular homeostasis and death.
  • Further research into mitochondrial calpains is warranted for understanding and treating various diseases.
  • This review serves as a foundational resource for the mitochondrial calpain system.