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Conformations of Cycloalkanes

Conformations of Cycloalkanes

Adolf von Baeyer attempted to explain the instabilities of small and large cycloalkane rings using the concept of angle strain — the strain caused by the deviation of bond angles from the ideal 109.5° tetrahedral value for sp3 hybridized carbons. However, while cyclopropane and cyclobutane are strained, as expected from their highly compressed bond angles, cyclopentane is more strained than predicted, and cyclohexane is virtually strain-free. Hence, Baeyer’s theory that was based on the...

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...

Adhesion

Adhesion

Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
Capillary action is a result of water’s adhesive tendencies. When a narrow glass...

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal tetrahedral value,...

Surface Tension

Surface Tension

Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length (γ) acting along the surface of a liquid. It arises due to strong intermolecular forces of attraction. A molecule located inside the bulk of the liquid is surrounded by other molecules and experiences equal forces in all directions. However, a molecule at the surface experiences unbalanced forces because there are more neighboring molecules below than above. This creates a net inward force that pulls surface molecules toward the interior,...

Contact Angle

Contact Angle

When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces.
The adhesive force is the molecular force between molecules of different materials, that is, between the molecules of the solid and the liquid. The cohesive force...

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Studying Surfactant Effects on Hydrate Crystallization at Oil-Water Interfaces Using a Low-Cost Integrated Modular Peltier Device

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Adhesion force between cyclopentane hydrates and solid surface materials.

G Aspenes¹, L E Dieker, Z M Aman

¹Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégt. 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway. guro.aspenes@kj.uib.no

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

|December 29, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding hydrate adhesion is key to preventing pipeline blockages. This study reveals that surface properties and water presence significantly impact hydrate adhesion forces, with petroleum acids reducing them.

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Area of Science:

Petroleum Engineering
Materials Science
Physical Chemistry

Background:

Hydrate deposition in petroleum production lines is a significant operational challenge.
Understanding the factors influencing hydrate adhesion is crucial for mitigating flow assurance issues.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the adhesion forces between cyclopentane hydrates and various solid surfaces.
To determine the influence of water presence, petroleum acids, and surface properties on hydrate adhesion.

Main Methods:

Experimental measurement of adhesion forces between cyclopentane hydrates and different solid materials.
Systematic variation of water content and the presence of petroleum acids in the oil phase.
Evaluation of surface wettability effects on hydrate adhesion.

Main Results:

Adhesion force is dependent on surface material, with low surface free energy solids exhibiting the lowest adhesion.
The presence of water dramatically increases adhesion forces; a water drop can increase adhesion over 10-fold.
Water-saturated oil phases increase hydrate-hydrate adhesion, and water-wet surfaces show the highest adhesion.
Petroleum acids in the oil phase significantly reduce hydrate adhesion forces.

Conclusions:

Pipeline surface properties and fluid composition critically influence hydrate adhesion.
Water management and the presence of specific organic acids are key factors in controlling hydrate deposition.
Surface modification and chemical additives (like petroleum acids) show potential for hydrate inhibition.