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Related Concept Videos

Free Jet01:14

Free Jet

Free jets describe the flow of liquid exiting a reservoir through an opening into the atmosphere without resistance. The velocity (v) of the liquid jet is derived using Bernoulli's principle and expressed as:
Area of a Surface of Revolution01:29

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Pipe Flowrate Measurement01:28

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In pipe flow measurement, orifice, nozzle, and Venturi meters are commonly used to determine fluid flowrates by constricting the flow area, which increases fluid velocity and reduces pressure. This pressure difference, governed by Bernoulli's principle and adjusted for real-world conditions, is essential for calculating flowrate. Each meter type is suited to specific applications based on accuracy, efficiency, and compatibility with various flow conditions.
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Major Losses in Pipes01:28

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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Measuring Spray Droplet Size from Agricultural Nozzles Using Laser Diffraction
08:14

Measuring Spray Droplet Size from Agricultural Nozzles Using Laser Diffraction

Published on: September 16, 2016

Aggregate breakup in a contracting nozzle.

Miroslav Soos1, Lyonel Ehrl, Matthäus U Bäbler

  • 1Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|December 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dense aggregates break apart in extensional flow, but their structure remains intact. Aggregate strength was determined by how hydrodynamic stress affects their steady-state size during breakage.

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Area of Science:

  • Rheology and fluid dynamics
  • Materials science and particle technology

Background:

  • Dense aggregates are common in industrial suspensions.
  • Understanding aggregate breakup is crucial for process control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the breakup of dense aggregates in extensional flow.
  • To determine the relationship between aggregate strength and hydrodynamic stress.

Main Methods:

  • Extensional flow generated using a contracting nozzle.
  • Small-angle light scattering for cluster mass distribution.
  • Image analysis for fragment shape and structure.
  • Computational fluid dynamics for hydrodynamic stress mapping.

Main Results:

  • Aggregate structure (fractal dimension d(f) = 2.7) and shape (aspect ratio = 1.5) were unaffected by breakage.
  • Multiple passes through the nozzle were needed to reach a steady state.
  • Hydrodynamic stress varies radially, breaking only weaker aggregates per pass.

Conclusions:

  • Aggregate strength can be determined by scaling steady-state size with hydrodynamic stress.
  • The study provides insights into aggregate fragmentation mechanisms in flow.