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Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...

Pharmacokinetic Models: Overview

Pharmacokinetic Models: Overview

Pharmacokinetic models utilize mathematical analysis to achieve a detailed quantitative understanding of a drug's life cycle within the body. They are instrumental in simulating a drug's pharmacokinetic parameters, predicting drug concentrations over time, optimizing dosage regimens, linking concentrations with pharmacologic activity, and estimating potential toxicity.
There are three primary types of models: empirical, compartment, and physiological. Empirical models, with minimal assumptions,...

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...

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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocyte-like Cells for Drug Discovery

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocyte-like Cells for Drug Discovery

Published on: May 19, 2018

Pharmacogenomic discovery using cell-based models.

Marleen Welsh¹, Lara Mangravite, Marisa Wong Medina

¹Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.

Pharmacological Reviews

|December 30, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cell lines are revolutionizing pharmacogenomics by enabling researchers to study genetic variations affecting drug responses. This approach overcomes limitations of clinical studies, accelerating the discovery of personalized medicine strategies.

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In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

Published on: August 24, 2013

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Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocyte-like Cells for Drug Discovery

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocyte-like Cells for Drug Discovery

Published on: May 19, 2018

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

Published on: August 24, 2013

Area of Science:

Pharmacogenomics
Genetics
Cell Biology

Background:

Drug response variation in human populations is influenced by genetic factors.
Clinical studies face limitations in controlling environmental factors and in vivo manipulation.
Cell-based models offer a controlled environment for dissecting genetic contributions to drug response.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in using cell lines for pharmacogenomic discovery and validation.
To discuss the translation of cell-based findings into clinical applications.
To highlight the utility of cell line panels for functional studies and genetic variation identification.

Main Methods:

Overview of current cell-based models in pharmacogenomic research.
Analysis of data from established cell line panels like HapMap and NCI60.
Utilizing human lymphoblastoid cell lines from diverse ancestral populations for comparative studies.

Main Results:

Cell line panels provide valuable genotypic, expression, and phenotypic data.
These resources facilitate the identification of genetic variations influencing drug response.
Ex vivo models allow for the evaluation of interindividual and interpopulation differences in drug response.

Conclusions:

Cell lines represent a powerful tool for advancing pharmacogenomic discovery.
Translational strategies are crucial for applying cell-based findings to clinical settings.
Continued research with diverse cell line models will enhance personalized medicine approaches.