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Related Concept Videos

Cell Motility through Blebbing01:16

Cell Motility through Blebbing

Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
Blebbing Through the Matrix
In multicellular...
Enlargement of the Plasma Membrane01:22

Enlargement of the Plasma Membrane

Cell division and enlargement are processes that require precise control. The control ensures that cell division cannot proceed unless the cell has grown to a specific size. A spherical, dividing cell requires an approximately 1.6X increase in its surface area to double its volume. The secretory pathway also has a significant role in cell membrane enlargement. Secretory vesicles that bud off from the Golgi apparatus and later fuse with the plasma membrane during exocytosis are a major source of...
The Endoplasmic Reticulum01:43

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum or ER makes up for more than half of the membranes in a cell and accounts for 10% of total cell volume. It is also the primary protein and lipid synthesis factory for most cell organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Despite being the most extensive and functionally complex subcellular organelle, ER was the last to be discovered. After years of deliberation, Keith Porter and George Palade in the year 1954,...
Maturation of Endosomes01:28

Maturation of Endosomes

The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
Changes in location
The maturing endosome moves along microtubules from the periphery of the cell towards the perinuclear region. This movement of the...
Protein Modifications in the RER01:26

Protein Modifications in the RER

Modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins entering the rough ER begins in the ER lumen. These modifications aid in protein folding and stabilize the acquired tertiary structure. Protein modifications in the rough ER co-occur at different stages of protein folding.
Broadly, these modifications can be categorized into four main categories — glycosylation, formation of disulfide bonds, assembly of protein subunits, and specific proteolytic cleavages like removal of signal sequences.
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR activation may...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Visualizing Membrane Ruffle Formation using Scanning Electron Microscopy
08:05

Visualizing Membrane Ruffle Formation using Scanning Electron Microscopy

Published on: May 27, 2021

Membrane remodeling during reticulocyte maturation.

Jing Liu1, Xinhua Guo, Narla Mohandas

  • 1Red Cell Physiology Laboratory, New York Blood Center, New York City, NY 10065, USA.

Blood
|December 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reticulocyte maturation involves significant red blood cell membrane changes, including protein loss and altered protein interactions. These molecular shifts explain how immature red blood cells become mature erythrocytes.

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

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Published on: October 30, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Hematology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Reticulocyte maturation into erythrocytes involves substantial plasma membrane alterations, including changes in shape and mechanical properties.
  • The molecular mechanisms driving these membrane transformations remain largely unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate changes in the expression and interaction of membrane proteins during murine reticulocyte maturation.
  • To elucidate the molecular basis for the structural and functional changes in the red blood cell membrane during maturation.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative analysis of 30 distinct membrane proteins during reticulocyte maturation.
  • Examination of protein-protein interactions within the red blood cell membrane.
  • Investigation of the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in protein degradation.
  • Assessment of protein phosphorylation in relation to membrane-skeletal interactions.

Main Results:

  • Loss of cytosolic proteins (tubulin, actin) and reduction in specific membrane proteins (e.g., Na-K-ATPase, glycophorin A, CD47).
  • Degradation of tubulin and actin occurs partly via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
  • Weakened interactions at membrane-skeletal junctions and reduced attachment of transmembrane proteins in reticulocytes.
  • Elevated phosphorylation of protein 4.1R in reticulocytes decreases membrane shear resistance by weakening spectrin-actin interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanistic insights into reticulocyte maturation reveal key protein expression and interaction changes.
  • Altered membrane-skeletal interactions and protein phosphorylation contribute to reduced shear resistance in immature red blood cells.
  • These findings provide a foundation for understanding the biophysical transitions during red blood cell development.