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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice
10:31

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice

Published on: May 2, 2025

C-Peptide: the missing link in diabetic nephropathy?

Lina Nordquist1, John Wahren

  • 1Department of Medical Cell Biology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.

The Review of Diabetic Studies : RDS
|December 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Proinsulin C-peptide offers kidney protection in diabetes by reducing hyperfiltration and albuminuria. Studies show C-peptide can prevent or reverse early diabetic nephropathy markers.

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Endocrinology
  • Diabetology

Background:

  • Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of kidney failure.
  • Early markers include glomerular hyperfiltration and microalbuminuria.
  • Proinsulin C-peptide may offer renoprotective effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the renal effects of C-peptide in diabetic nephropathy.
  • To discuss potential mechanisms of C-peptide's renoprotective actions.
  • To summarize current knowledge on C-peptide in kidney disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental and human studies on C-peptide and diabetic nephropathy.
  • Analysis of C-peptide's effects on glomerular hemodynamics and tubular function.
  • Investigation of molecular signaling pathways (TGF-beta1, TNFalpha).

More Related Videos

A Method for Mouse Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Intracellular cAMP Determination
12:33

A Method for Mouse Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Intracellular cAMP Determination

Published on: June 25, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice
10:31

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice

Published on: May 2, 2025

A Method for Mouse Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Intracellular cAMP Determination
12:33

A Method for Mouse Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Intracellular cAMP Determination

Published on: June 25, 2014

Main Results:

  • C-peptide reduces glomerular hyperfiltration by altering afferent and efferent arteriole tone.
  • C-peptide inhibits tubular reabsorption in diabetic models.
  • C-peptide prevents glomerular hypertrophy and mesangial expansion.
  • Human studies confirm reduced hyperfiltration and albuminuria with C-peptide replacement therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Proinsulin C-peptide demonstrates significant renoprotective effects in diabetic nephropathy.
  • Mechanisms involve hemodynamic modulation and interference with pro-inflammatory signaling.
  • C-peptide replacement therapy shows promise for managing diabetic kidney complications.