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Related Concept Videos

Chromosome Replication02:31

Chromosome Replication

Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin of...
Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

Overview
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...
The Replisome03:01

The Replisome

DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with the...
The DNA Replication Fork01:02

The DNA Replication Fork

An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication forks, one in...
Replication in Prokaryotes01:32

Replication in Prokaryotes

DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
Many Proteins Work Together to Replicate the Chromosome
Replication is coordinated and carried out by a host of specialized...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique
07:18

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique

Published on: October 27, 2011

Defining replication origin efficiency using DNA fiber assays.

Sandie Tuduri1, Hélène Tourrière, Philippe Pasero

  • 1Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS UPR 1142, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.

Chromosome Research : an International Journal on the Molecular, Supramolecular and Evolutionary Aspects of Chromosome Biology
|December 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Eukaryotic genome duplication relies on coordinated replication origin activation. DNA fiber technologies reveal dormant origins that activate under stress, maintaining genome integrity.

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Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy
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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique
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Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique

Published on: October 27, 2011

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Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy
15:57

Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: October 9, 2009

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Eukaryotic genome duplication requires coordinated activation of thousands of replication origins.
  • Origin activation follows a temporal program influenced by chromosomal context and S-phase checkpoints.
  • Genome-wide coordination of initiation events remains poorly understood despite knowledge of individual origin mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how DNA fiber technologies have advanced understanding of eukaryotic replication programs.
  • To discuss the role of origin redundancy in maintaining genome integrity.

Main Methods:

  • DNA combing
  • Single-molecule assays

Main Results:

  • Eukaryotic genomes possess a substantial excess of replication origins.
  • Most origins are dormant under normal conditions but activate when DNA replication forks are impeded.
  • DNA fiber technologies have reshaped the understanding of eukaryotic replication timing and coordination.

Conclusions:

  • Origin redundancy is a key feature of eukaryotic replication.
  • Dormant origin activation is crucial for maintaining genome integrity under stress.
  • Further research into genome-wide coordination of replication initiation is warranted.