Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).

Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis

Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis

Direct alkylation of ammonia produces polyalkylated amines, along with a quaternary ammonium salt. To exclusively prepare primary amines, the azide synthesis method can be used.
Azide ions act as good nucleophiles and react with unhindered alkyl halides to form alkyl azides. Alkyl azides do not participate in further nucleophilic substitution reactions, thereby eliminating the chances of polyalkylated products. Alkyl azides are reduced by hydride-based reducing agents, like lithium aluminum...

Reactivity of Enolate Ions

Reactivity of Enolate Ions

Enolate ions are formed by the acid–base reaction of a carbonyl compound with a base. This leads to deprotonation of the α hydrogen atom, leading to a resonance-stabilized enolate ion where one of the contributing structures is an oxyanion, which imparts additional stability. Therefore, the proton on the α carbon is more acidic in nature than that of other sp3-hybridized C–H bonds but less acidic than those in O–H bonds where the negative charge in the conjugate base is localized on the oxygen...

α-Alkylation of Ketones via Enolate Ions

α-Alkylation of Ketones via Enolate Ions

Ketones with α protons are deprotonated by strong bases like lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) to form enolate ions. The anion is stabilized by resonance, and its hybrid structure exhibits negative charges on the carbonyl oxygen and the α carbon. This ambident nucleophile can attack an electrophile via two possible sites: the carbonyl oxygen, known as O-attack, or the α carbon, known as C-attack. The nucleophilic attack via the carbanionic site is preferred. This is due to the strong interaction...

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

Acidity of 1-Alkynes

Acidity of 1-Alkynes

The acidic strength of hydrocarbons follows the order: Alkynes > Alkenes > Alkanes. The strength of an acid is commonly expressed in units of pKa — the lower the pKa, the stronger the acid. Among the hydrocarbons, terminal alkynes have lower pKa values and are, therefore, more acidic. For example, the pKa values for ethane, ethene, and acetylene are 51, 44, and 25, respectively, as shown here.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

New Chlormequat-Based Ionic Liquids as Plant Resistance Inducers.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2025

Same author

Crystallographic Snapshots of Pre- and Post-Lanthanide Halide HydrolysisReaction Products Captured by the 4‑Amino-1,2,4-triazole Ligand.

Crystal growth & design·2025

Same author

Is Kraft Pulping the Future of Biorefineries? A Perspective on the Sustainability of Lignocellulosic Product Development.

Polymers·2024

Same author

Design and Characterization of Epoxy Resin Systems Based on Mixtures of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids with Docusate and Dicyanamide Anions.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2024

Same author

Supported Ionic Liquid-Phase Materials (SILP) as a Multifunctional Group of Highly Stable Modifiers and Hardeners for Carbon and Flax Epoxy Composites.

ChemPlusChem·2024

Same author

CL-11 circulates in serum as functionally distinct isoforms.

FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Ionic liquids based on azolate anions.

Marcin Smiglak¹, C Corey Hines, Timothy B Wilson

¹Department of Chemistry and Center for Green Manufacturing, The University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, AL 35467-0338, USA.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|December 30, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers designed novel energetic ionic liquids by combining various cations with energetic azolate anions. The 3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazolate anion showed the most promise for energetic applications.

More Related Videos

Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid

Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid

Published on: September 27, 2024

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Published on: November 27, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid

Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid

Published on: September 27, 2024

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Published on: November 27, 2015

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Chemistry

Background:

Ionic liquids offer tunable properties for energetic materials.
Energetic azolate anions provide a platform for designing novel compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize novel energetic ionic liquids.
To investigate the structure-property relationships of energetic azolate-based ionic liquids.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of 31 novel energetic salts.
Characterization using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and single crystal X-ray crystallography.

Main Results:

Azolate anions demonstrated surprising stability.
Ionic liquids were successfully formed with specific cation-anion combinations.
Structure-property relationships indicated that 3,5- and 2,4-disubstituted anions were favorable.

Conclusions:

The 3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazolate anion is the most promising for energetic ionic liquids.
Compartmentalized molecular design enables targeted property optimization.