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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Redox Titration: Iodimetry and Iodometry01:23

Redox Titration: Iodimetry and Iodometry

Iodometry and iodimetry are analytical methods used to determine the concentration of oxidizing or reducing agents using iodine. In iodometric titrations, the oxidizing analyte solution is usually acidified and treated with an excess of iodide ions, which generates an equivalent amount of iodine in equilibrium with triiodide. The released iodine is subsequently titrated directly against a standardized reducing agent. As the dilute iodine color becomes pale yellow, a few drops of freshly...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Colorimetric Assessment of Deiodinase 1 Activity in Human Liver Microsomes Using the Sandell-Kolthoff Reaction
08:00

Colorimetric Assessment of Deiodinase 1 Activity in Human Liver Microsomes Using the Sandell-Kolthoff Reaction

Published on: April 10, 2026

Perchlorate consumption, iodine status, and thyroid function.

Paula R Trumbo1

  • 1Division of Nutrition Programs and Labeling, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA. paula.trumbo@FDA.HHS.gov

Nutrition Reviews
|January 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Perchlorate can impact thyroid hormone production by blocking iodide uptake. Pregnant women and infants face the highest risks, but current exposure levels do not warrant dietary changes.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Endocrinology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Perchlorate interferes with iodide uptake in the thyroid gland, potentially disrupting thyroid hormone synthesis.
  • Pregnant women, fetuses, and newborns are particularly vulnerable to adverse health effects from perchlorate exposure.
  • Perchlorate contamination is found in certain foods and drinking water sources in the United States.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the potential health risks associated with perchlorate exposure.
  • To inform public health recommendations regarding dietary habits and perchlorate intake.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on perchlorate's effects on thyroid function.
  • Evaluation of perchlorate levels in food and drinking water.
  • Assessment of risks to vulnerable populations, including pregnant women and infants.

Main Results:

  • Perchlorate's inhibition of iodide uptake can affect thyroid hormone synthesis.
  • Pregnant women, fetuses, and newborns are identified as the highest-risk groups.
  • Current levels of perchlorate in food and water do not necessitate dietary modifications for the general population.

Conclusions:

  • The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not recommend altering diets due to perchlorate exposure.
  • Adhering to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans ensures adequate iodine intake, mitigating risks from typical perchlorate exposure levels.
  • Iodine supplementation is not generally necessary for protection against perchlorate-related health effects at current environmental levels.