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Related Concept Videos

Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.
Teeth01:15

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...
Catenins01:23

Catenins

Catenins are characterized by multiple binding domains and dynamic structures that allow them to function as linker proteins in cell junction complexes. All catenins, except α-catenin, contain a characteristic protein sequence called the armadillo repeat and are therefore also called armadillo proteins.
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Determination01:51

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...
Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3 variants are also...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Development of Amelogenin-chitosan Hydrogel for In Vitro Enamel Regrowth with a Dense Interface
08:26

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The amelogenin C-terminus is required for enamel development.

M K Pugach1, Y Li, C Suggs

  • 1Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, 19104-6030, USA.

Journal of Dental Research
|January 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary

The amelogenin C-terminus is crucial for tooth enamel development. Studies show that removing this part of the protein impairs enamel density and structure, highlighting its essential role.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Developmental Biology
  • Dental Research

Background:

  • Amelogenins are abundant proteins vital for forming enamel thickness and structure.
  • Most amelogenins possess a conserved hydrophilic C-terminus, whose function remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional significance of the amelogenin C-terminus in enamel formation.
  • To assess the impact of a truncated amelogenin lacking the C-terminal 13 amino acids on enamel properties.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of transgenic mice expressing amelogenin lacking the C-terminal 13 amino acids (CTRNC).
  • Microcomputed tomography (MicroCT) analysis to evaluate enamel density and volume.
  • Crossbreeding of transgenic mice with amelogenin-null (KO) mice to assess rescue effects.

Main Results:

  • Transgenic mice expressing low numbers of CTRNC amelogenin showed normal molar enamel density.
  • Mice with high transgene copy numbers (TgCTRNC18) exhibited deficient molar enamel, indicating a dose-dependent effect.
  • Offspring from crosses between CTRNC transgenic and amelogenin-null mice did not show rescue of enamel density or volume compared to KO controls.
  • Transgenic full-length amelogenin partially rescued enamel density and volume in KO mice.

Conclusions:

  • The C-terminus of amelogenin is essential for establishing proper enamel density, volume, and structural organization.
  • Truncation of the amelogenin C-terminus leads to impaired enamel physical characteristics.
  • The C-terminus plays a critical role in the biological activity of amelogenin during tooth enamel development.