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Related Concept Videos

Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
Membrane Domains01:18

Membrane Domains

The membrane domains concentrate specific lipids and proteins at one place within the membrane, which helps in cell signaling, adhesion, and other critical cellular processes. These domains can differ in size, composition, function, and lifespan.
Protein Domains
The membrane comprises a group of distinct proteins responsible for carrying out a cell's specific function. For example, the plasma membrane of the human sperm, or a single germ cell, contains a unique set of proteins in the anterior...
Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation00:59

Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation

Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
Another mechanism for membrane domain formation involves membrane proteins interacting with cytoskeletal...
Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy
10:08

Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: October 24, 2017

Vesicles with charged domains.

Cíntia C Vequi-Suplicy1, Karin A Riske, Roland L Knorr

  • 1Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 66318 CEP 05315-970, São Paulo, Brazil.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|January 5, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Charged lipids like dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) alter membrane phase behavior. Divalent cations stabilize lipid phases, while oppositely charged lipids can induce domain formation in membranes.

Area of Science:

  • Membrane biophysics
  • Lipid bilayer thermodynamics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Lipid membranes exhibit distinct liquid ordered (lo) and liquid disordered (ld) phases.
  • Cholesterol and sphingomyelin influence membrane fluidity and phase behavior.
  • Charged lipids introduce complexities in membrane phase diagrams.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the phase behavior of ternary lipid mixtures containing charged dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG).
  • To determine the effect of ionic strength and oppositely charged lipids on membrane phase separation.
  • To understand the role of divalent cations in stabilizing charged lipid domains.

Main Methods:

  • Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) composed of DOPG, egg sphingomyelin (eSM), and cholesterol (Chol).

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Membrane Remodeling of Giant Vesicles in Response to Localized Calcium Ion Gradients
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Detergent-free Ultrafast Reconstitution of Membrane Proteins into Lipid Bilayers Using Fusogenic Complementary-charged Proteoliposomes.
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Detergent-free Ultrafast Reconstitution of Membrane Proteins into Lipid Bilayers Using Fusogenic Complementary-charged Proteoliposomes.

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Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy
10:08

Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: October 24, 2017

Membrane Remodeling of Giant Vesicles in Response to Localized Calcium Ion Gradients
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Detergent-free Ultrafast Reconstitution of Membrane Proteins into Lipid Bilayers Using Fusogenic Complementary-charged Proteoliposomes.
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Detergent-free Ultrafast Reconstitution of Membrane Proteins into Lipid Bilayers Using Fusogenic Complementary-charged Proteoliposomes.

Published on: April 5, 2018

  • Fluorescence microscopy to characterize membrane phase states and composition.
  • Addition of salts (CaCl2, NaCl) and chelating agents (EDTA) to study ionic effects.
  • Interaction studies with vesicles of dioleoyltrimethylammoniumpropane (DOTAP).

    • Main Results:

    • DOPG significantly reduces the lo/ld phase coexistence region compared to non-charged mixtures.
    • Calcium chloride and sodium chloride stabilize the two-phase region, increasing miscibility temperature.
    • EDTA addition destabilizes charged domains, indicating a role for divalent cation impurities.
    • DOTAP vesicles induce domain formation in DOPG:eSM:Chol mixtures initially in a one-phase region.

    Conclusions:

    • The presence of charged lipids fundamentally alters membrane phase behavior.
    • Ionic strength, particularly divalent cations, plays a critical role in stabilizing lipid domains.
    • Interactions with oppositely charged lipids can drive phase separation in otherwise miscible lipid mixtures.