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Paediatric bladder augmentation and substitution: From diversions to tissue engineering
1Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario.
Insights
Urinary diversion, augmentation, and replacement in children have evolved significantly. While bowel segments remain the standard, complications drive research into tissue engineering for better bladder reconstruction alternatives.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Urology
- Reconstructive Surgery
- Biomaterials Science
Background:
- Bladder reconstruction is necessary in children due to congenital issues, disease, or trauma.
- The unique properties of urothelium and bladder muscle present challenges in reconstruction.
- Management has shifted from complete urinary diversion to organ preservation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the historical evolution of pediatric urinary diversion, bladder augmentation, and replacement techniques.
- To outline potential future directions in pediatric bladder management.
- To analyze the challenges and advancements in bladder reconstruction materials and methods.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of English-language publications from 1970-2001.
- PubMed search using terms: "bladder augmentation", "bladder substitution", "bladder autoaugmentation", "ureterocystoplasty", "bladder engineering".
- Analysis focused on complications and evolution of materials/techniques in pediatric patients (0-18 years).
Main Results:
- Gastrointestinal tract segments are historically and currently used for bladder reconstruction.
- Bowel use is associated with complications: mucus, stones, metabolic issues, growth retardation, perforation, and malignancy.
- Despite drawbacks, bowel remains the functional gold standard, prompting research into natural and synthetic alternatives.
- Tissue engineering shows promise for future bladder replacement or repair.
Conclusions:
- Bowel segments are the most clinically useful materials for pediatric urinary diversion, augmentation, and replacement.
- Complications from bowel use necessitate ongoing research into alternative materials and surgical methods.
Objectives:
To review the evolution of urinary diversion, bladder augmentation and bladder replacement in the paediatric population over the past century and to outline the possible direction of future management.
Data Sources:
Original and review articles obtained from a PubMed search of English language publications dating from 1970 to 2001. The search terms were "bladder augmentation", "bladder substitution", "bladder autoaugmentation", "ureterocystoplasty" and "bladder engineering". The age group was "all child 0-18".
Data Selection:
Articles selected were those with relevance to the scope of the topic.
Data Extraction:
The articles were analyzed with the primary focus being the problems encountered with various forms of urinary diversion, bladder augmentation and bladder replacement, and the subsequent evolution of materials and techniques.
Data Synthesis:
Bladder tissue may need to be replaced in the paediatric population because of congenital malformation, disease or trauma. The unique structure and function of urothelium and bladder muscle make this a challenging task. Management has evolved from a mindset of attempting to divert urine from the bladder completely to that of trying to preserve what is salvageable of the organ. Historically and contemporarily, the gastrointestinal tract has provided the raw material for urinary diversion, bladder augmentation and bladder substitution. Experience, however, has highlighted the potential complications inherent in the use of the bowel in the urinary tract including mucus production, stone disease, metabolic abnormalities, growth retardation, spontaneous perforation and malignancy. However, despite these drawbacks, the bowel is the gold standard in terms of functional utility and longevity. In efforts to develop alternatives, research has focused on the use of both natural and synthetic materials. With these materials, a whole new list of potential problems has been characterized. Tissue engineering may hold promise in resolving the issues of bladder replacement or repair by providing the necessary biocompatible raw material.
Conclusions:
Bowel segments have been and continue to be the clinically most useful material for urinary diversion, bladder augmentation and bladder replacement. Complications associated with the use of bowel in the urinary tract have prompted considerable research into alternative materials and methods.
