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Related Concept Videos

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which leads...
Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests01:15

Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition affecting neuromuscular transmission, causing generalized weakness in skeletal muscles. Initial diagnoses rely on patients' signs, symptoms, and medical history. The challenge lies in distinguishing myasthenia from other muscular dystrophies. An important diagnostic feature is the significant improvement of symptoms after administering anticholinesterase inhibitors.
The edrophonium test is a diagnostic tool for myasthenia gravis. It involves...
Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology

The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects

Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

A Preclinical Model of Sepsis-Induced Myopathy with Disuse in Mice
04:01

A Preclinical Model of Sepsis-Induced Myopathy with Disuse in Mice

Published on: June 14, 2024

Hydroxychloroquine-induced myopathy.

Jun-Beom Kwon1, Anatole Kleiner, Koto Ishida

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA. junbeam.kwon@apogeephysicians.com

Journal of Clinical Rheumatology : Practical Reports on Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Diseases
|January 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) can cause toxic myopathy affecting skeletal muscles and potentially the heart. Discontinuing HCQ led to symptom improvement in a patient with connective tissue disease.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

A Preclinical Model of Sepsis-Induced Myopathy with Disuse in Mice
04:01

A Preclinical Model of Sepsis-Induced Myopathy with Disuse in Mice

Published on: June 14, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Toxicology
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is commonly prescribed for autoimmune conditions like undifferentiated connective tissue disease.
  • Drug-induced myopathy can present insidiously, mimicking other serious conditions.

Observation:

  • A 70-year-old woman on long-term HCQ developed progressive weakness, skin hyperpigmentation, and dyspnea.
  • Cardiac evaluation revealed elevated troponin I but no ischemic heart disease.
  • Electromyography and muscle biopsy confirmed HCQ-induced myopathy.

Findings:

  • The patient's symptoms improved significantly after discontinuing HCQ.
  • The case suggests potential myocardial toxicity from HCQ deposition, alongside skeletal myopathy.
  • Literature review indicates HCQ-induced myopathy is underrecognized due to overlapping symptoms.

Implications:

  • Clinicians should consider HCQ toxicity in patients with unexplained myopathy, especially those on long-term therapy.
  • Early recognition and discontinuation of HCQ may prevent irreversible organ damage.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms and prevalence of HCQ-induced cardiac and skeletal myopathy.