Related Experiment Videos
Antihypertensive medications and risk of community-acquired pneumonia
Kenneth J Mukamal1, Sanjay Ghimire, Rudra Pandey
1Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. kmukamal@bidmc.harvard.edu
Objective:
To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and other antihypertensives are associated with risk of pneumonia.
Methods:
We conducted a nested case-control study of incident pneumonia in a subcohort of hypertensive adults insured by several large commercial plans throughout the United States. Individuals with pneumonia were matched on age, sex, region, and subscriber status with up to 10 controls free of pneumonia at the time of case diagnosis. We examined use of beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors (lipophilic and hydrophilic), angiotensin receptor blockers, and thiazides in the prior 3 and 12 months.
Results:
A total of 7429 cases of pneumonia occurred among 305 958 hypertensive individuals. Risk of pneumonia was higher among users of beta-blockers [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.11; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.19], calcium channel blockers (adjusted OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.00-1.17), and lipophilic ACE inhibitors (adjusted OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.03-1.28) in the preceding 3 months; risks were also higher for use in the preceding 12 months. We observed lower risk with thiazide use in the preceding 3 months (adjusted OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.81-0.99) and hydrophilic ACE inhibitor use in the preceding year (adjusted OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.75-0.99).
Conclusion:
In this population of middle-aged Americans with hypertension, we observed a modestly higher risk of pneumonia with use of beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and lipophilic ACE inhibitors. These results are consistent with possible differences in noncardiovascular outcomes among users of antihypertensives and other commonly used cardiovascular drugs but require confirmation in other populations.
Related Concept Videos
Pneumonia IV: Management
Bacterial Pneumonia Treatment
For bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics serve as the cornerstone of therapy. Initial treatment often begins with empirical antibiotics, tailored to the anticipated causative organism and adjusted based on culture results. Key antibiotic choices include:
Pneumonia I: Introduction
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Pneumonia I: Introduction
Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention
The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections.
Enhance airway patency
Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed.
Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers
TKIs, such as imatinib (Gleevec), are particularly effective in tackling the growth and mitogenic factors that become upregulated in PAH patients. These factors contribute to the...