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Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...

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Embryo Microinjection and Electroporation in the Chordate Ciona intestinalis
09:38

Embryo Microinjection and Electroporation in the Chordate Ciona intestinalis

Published on: October 16, 2016

How fast is the sessile ciona?

Luisa Berná1, Fernando Alvarez-Valin, Giuseppe D'Onofrio

  • 1Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Evolution, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy.

Comparative and Functional Genomics
|January 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Genomic analysis reveals that the two ascidian species, Ciona intestinalis and Ciona savignyi, diverged approximately 180 million years ago. This finding stems from comparing their gene evolution rates to vertebrates, noting ascidians evolve 50% faster.

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Area of Science:

  • * Evolutionary biology
  • * Genomics
  • * Molecular evolution

Background:

  • * Ascidians (Ciona intestinalis and Ciona savignyi) are important model organisms in evolutionary studies.
  • * Understanding the evolutionary history and divergence times of key species is crucial for comparative genomics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To estimate the divergence time between Ciona intestinalis and Ciona savignyi.
  • * To compare evolutionary rates between ascidians and vertebrates.
  • * To refine phylogenetic analyses using genomic data and fossil records.

Main Methods:

  • * Genomewide analysis of orthologous gene pair distances.
  • * Comparative analysis with vertebrate genomic data.
  • * Integration of vertebrate fossil records for calibration.
  • * Correction for varying molecular substitution rates across chordate groups.

Main Results:

  • * Estimated divergence time between Ciona intestinalis and Ciona savignyi is approximately 180 million years.
  • * Ascidian species exhibit, on average, a 50% faster evolutionary substitution rate compared to vertebrates.
  • * Identified significant differences in evolutionary rates necessitate careful calibration in phylogenetic studies.

Conclusions:

  • * The divergence of Ciona species occurred deep in evolutionary time, providing insights into chordate evolution.
  • * Ascidians represent a valuable lineage for studying rapid evolutionary change.
  • * Genomic comparisons combined with fossil data offer robust methods for estimating divergence times.