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Related Concept Videos

Blood Types02:20

Blood Types

Human blood is classified into different types based on the presence of antigens on the red blood cell's surface and antibodies in the plasma. Proper identification of blood type is essential for successful blood transfusion. The International Society of Blood Transfusion has identified 38 human blood types based on the surface antigens on the red blood cells. The most common types are ABO, Rh, and MNS blood types.
ABO blood group
ABO antigens are glycoproteins encoded by genes present on...
Rh Blood Group01:19

Rh Blood Group

The Rhesus (Rh) antigen is crucial in determining blood groups and ensuring compatibility during blood transfusions.
Blood Typing01:10

Blood Typing

Understanding an individual's blood group is a critical component of transfusion medicine. It ensures compatibility in blood transfusions, organ transplants, and even during pregnancy. Determining these blood groups involves the ABO and Rh blood typing systems, utilizing specific antigens and corresponding anti-sera to identify an individual's blood type.
Antigens are protein molecules that reside on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The ABO and Rh blood typing systems target antigens A,...
The ABO Blood Group01:12

The ABO Blood Group

The ABO blood group system is a critical element of transfusion medicine, essential for determining blood compatibility in transfusions and organ transplants. It is based on specific antigens, or agglutinogens, present on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) and corresponding antibodies, or agglutinins, in the blood plasma.
Antigens in the ABO Blood Group System
Antigens are substances that can trigger an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies. In the ABO blood group system,...
Blood Transfusion and Agglutination02:45

Blood Transfusion and Agglutination

Blood transfusion is a therapeutic measure to restore the blood volume after extensive blood loss due to an accident or a medical procedure. Blood transfusion involves drawing a certain amount of blood from a suitable donor and infusing it into the recipient.
History
The history of blood transfusion dates back to the 17th century, when early attempts were made in animals. In 1818 James Blundell, a British doctor, performed the first successful human blood transfusion. Later in 1900, Karl...
Multiple Allele Traits01:49

Multiple Allele Traits

The Concept of Multiple Allelism

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Antigens Protected Functional Red Blood Cells By The Membrane Grafting Of Compact Hyperbranched Polyglycerols
11:31

Antigens Protected Functional Red Blood Cells By The Membrane Grafting Of Compact Hyperbranched Polyglycerols

Published on: January 2, 2013

[A rare blood group: p phenotype].

Carlos D De La Vega Elena1, Asa Hellberg, Sofía Bonetti

  • 1Servicio de Hematología y Medicina Transfusional, Hospital Italiano Garibaldi, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina. daniel.delavega@yahoo.com

Medicina
|January 8, 2010
PubMed
Summary

A rare "p" blood group phenotype, caused by a specific gene mutation, presents transfusion challenges and is linked to recurrent miscarriages. This case highlights the need for specialized blood banking services for rare blood types.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Immunology
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Rare blood groups are defined by the absence of high-prevalence antigens.
  • Individuals with rare blood types may develop antibodies against common antigens they lack.
  • Alloimmunization and rare blood phenotypes pose significant clinical challenges, especially during pregnancy.

Observation:

  • A 33-year-old alloimmunized woman with the rare "p" phenotype experienced recurrent miscarriages.
  • Her newborn required neonatal care due to fetal distress, exhibiting a positive elution test.
  • The
  • p
  • phenotype was identified as the cause of these complications.

Findings:

  • Homozygosity for a missense mutation (c.752C > T) in the A4GALT gene was identified as the genetic basis for the
  • p
  • phenotype.
  • This mutation results in a change from proline to leucine at codon 251 of the 4-α-galactosyltransferase enzyme.
  • The patient's condition necessitated an autologous blood donation plan due to transfusion difficulties.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the critical need for advanced blood bank capabilities to manage rare blood types.
  • Establishing facilities for cryopreserved blood storage is essential for homologous use and rare donor programs.
  • Improved infrastructure can better support patients with rare blood groups facing medical emergencies or pregnancy complications.