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Uncertainty: Overview

Uncertainty: Overview

In analytical chemistry, we often perform repetitive measurements to detect and minimize inaccuracies caused by both determinate and indeterminate errors. Despite the cares we take, the presence of random errors means that repeated measurements almost never have exactly the same magnitude. The collective difference between these measurements - observed values - and the estimated or expected value is called uncertainty. Uncertainty is conventionally written after the estimated or expected value.

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error

An experiment often consists of more than a single step. In this case, measurements at each step give rise to uncertainty. Because the measurements occur in successive steps, the uncertainty in one step necessarily contributes to that in the subsequent step. As we perform statistical analysis on these types of experiments, we must learn to account for the propagation of uncertainty from one step to the next. The propagation of uncertainty depends on the type of arithmetic operation performed on...

Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision

Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision

Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value.

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast, controlled...

Uncertainty: Confidence Intervals

Uncertainty: Confidence Intervals

The confidence interval is the range of values around the mean that contains the true mean. It is expressed as a probability percentage. The interpretation of a 95% confidence interval, for instance, is that the statistician is 95% confident that the true mean falls within the interval. The upper and lower limits of this range are known as confidence limits. The confidence limits for the true mean are estimated from the sample's mean, the standard deviation, and the statistical factor 't,' or...

Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this particular...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Published on: September 16, 2015

Risk and uncertainty.

¹Department of Management, College of Business, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA. tcarter@newhaven.edu

Journal of Hospital Marketing & Public Relations

|January 8, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Organizations face volatile conditions, requiring managers to adapt with new skills. Adapting to technological, global, and customer shifts is crucial for business success and navigating corporate downsizing.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Published on: September 16, 2015

Area of Science:

Business Management
Organizational Behavior
Strategic Management

Background:

Businesses face unprecedented volatility and corporate downsizing.
External shifts include technological advances, globalization, crises, competition, and demanding customers.
Internal changes involve reengineering, structural realignments, quality focus, faster communication, and skilled employees.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the impact of volatile business conditions on organizations.
To identify the evolving skill requirements for managers.
To understand the drivers of organizational change.

Main Methods:

Qualitative analysis of business environment shifts.
Review of organizational restructuring and downsizing trends.
Examination of changing managerial competencies.

Main Results:

Organizations must "do more with less" due to downsizing.
Managers require a broader and more adaptive skill set.
Technological and customer-centric changes are key external drivers.
Internal changes focus on efficiency, quality, and workforce development.

Conclusions:

Adapting to a dynamic business environment is essential for survival.
Continuous skill development for managers is critical.
Organizations must strategically realign to meet new demands.