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Speed encoding in human visual cortex revealed by fMRI adaptation.

Angelika Lingnau1, Hiroshi Ashida, Matthew B Wall

  • 1Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London Egham, Surrey, UK. angelika.lingnau@cimec.unitn.it

Journal of Vision
|January 9, 2010
PubMed
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Human visual cortex shows speed coding for high-contrast motion, especially in areas MT and MST. Lower contrasts reveal a trend towards temporal frequency coding, suggesting complex motion perception mechanisms.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Conventional models propose initial motion detection via direction-sensitive neurons tuned to spatial and temporal frequency (TF).
  • Speed is thought to be encoded later in the visual processing pathway.
  • The precise mechanisms of speed and TF coding in the human visual cortex remain debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate evidence for speed or temporal frequency (TF) tuning in the human visual cortex using fMRI adaptation.
  • To determine if specific visual areas preferentially process speed or TF information.
  • To examine how stimulus contrast affects the coding of motion parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) adaptation was employed.

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  • Pairs of drifting sine-wave gratings (adapter S1, probe S2) were presented.
  • Stimuli varied in contrast (15%, 40%, 80%) and either speed or TF was kept constant between S1 and S2.

    • Main Results:

    • Clear speed coding was observed in areas MT and MST for high-contrast (80%) probes.
    • Weaker trends for speed coding were found in earlier visual areas at high contrast.
    • At medium and low contrasts, a trend towards temporal frequency coding was observed across most visual areas.
    • Adjusting stimuli for perceived speed revealed a trend for speed coding even at low contrasts.

    Conclusions:

    • Speed coding appears dominant in human MT/MST for high-contrast visual motion.
    • Temporal frequency coding may play a more significant role at lower contrasts or in earlier visual areas.
    • Perceived speed influences coding, suggesting a complex interplay of factors in motion perception.