Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450 isoenzymes,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Integrating Somatic and Germline Pharmacogenomics for Therapeutic Decisions in Precision Oncology.

JCO precision oncology·2026

Same author

Propranolol metabolite and enantiomers affect colorectal cancer development by inhibiting MAPK pathway and downregulating PD-1 expression.

International immunopharmacology·2025

Same author

A two-stage genome-wide association study to identify novel genetic loci associated with irAEs in lung cancer patients receiving PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.

Cancer letters·2025

Same author

Advancing the science of genomic learning healthcare systems.

Learning health systems·2025

Same author

Progress in Pharmacogenomics Implementation in the United States: Barrier Erosion and Remaining Challenges.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2025

Same author

Causal effects of immune cells on the efficacy and adverse drug reactions of platinum drugs.

Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 21, 2018

Economic opportunities and challenges for pharmacogenomics.

Patricia A Deverka¹, John Vernon, Howard L McLeod

¹UNC Institute for Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, Department of Health Policy and Management, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA. pat_deverka@unc.edu

Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology

|January 9, 2010

Summary

Economic evaluations in pharmacogenomics guide healthcare resource allocation. Demonstrating cost-effectiveness requires proving clinical effectiveness through comparative research and cost analysis.

More Related Videos

Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms

Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms

Published on: December 9, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 21, 2018

Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms

Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms

Published on: December 9, 2015

Area of Science:

Pharmacoeconomics
Genomic Medicine
Health Services Research

Background:

Economic evaluation is crucial for healthcare resource allocation, comparing costs and benefits of interventions.
Pharmacogenomics, using genetic information to optimize drug therapy, is anticipated to be cost-effective.
Both the pharmaceutical industry and payers utilize economic analyses for investment and coverage decisions.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the application of economic analyses in pharmacogenomics.
To explore how pharmacogenomic testing can inform investment and coverage decisions.
To identify factors necessary for demonstrating the economic benefits of pharmacogenomics.

Main Methods:

Literature review of economic evaluations in pharmacogenomics.
Analysis of pharmacogenomics' role in drug development and clinical practice.
Discussion of requirements for proving cost-effectiveness.

Main Results:

Economic analyses are applied by industry and payers in pharmacogenomics.
Anticipation of cost-effectiveness for pharmacogenomic testing due to improved drug efficacy and reduced toxicity.
Clinical effectiveness is a prerequisite for demonstrating economic benefits.

Conclusions:

Pharmacogenomic testing's economic benefits depend on proven clinical effectiveness.
Increased involvement of pharmacogenomics experts in comparative effectiveness research is needed.
Integrating cost considerations is vital for determining the value of pharmacogenomic testing.