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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
Tuberculosis01:23

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health concern, primarily targeting the lungs and spreading through airborne transmission. Infection begins when aerosolized droplet nuclei, expelled by an individual with active TB, are inhaled by another person. These microscopic particles carry Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. Upon reaching the alveoli, the bacilli are engulfed by alveolar macrophages. However, due to their specialized lipid-rich cell wall, these pathogens...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
Bacterial Meningitis01:24

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...

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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates
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Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates

Published on: September 5, 2017

Tuberculous meningitis.

R K Garg1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India. garg50@yahoo.com

Acta Neurologica Scandinavica
|January 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tuberculous meningitis is a severe brain infection. Early diagnosis and treatment are vital to reduce high mortality and morbidity, especially in children and HIV patients.

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A Retrospective Study on Endoscopic Surgery for the Treatment of Paravertebral Abscess in Spinal Tuberculosis Patients
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A Retrospective Study on Endoscopic Surgery for the Treatment of Paravertebral Abscess in Spinal Tuberculosis Patients

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Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates
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A Retrospective Study on Endoscopic Surgery for the Treatment of Paravertebral Abscess in Spinal Tuberculosis Patients
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A Retrospective Study on Endoscopic Surgery for the Treatment of Paravertebral Abscess in Spinal Tuberculosis Patients

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a severe extrapulmonary form of tuberculosis.
  • Its incidence and prevalence remain largely unknown, particularly in high-burden countries.
  • Children and individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are disproportionately affected.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the key aspects of tuberculous meningitis.
  • To highlight diagnostic challenges and treatment strategies.
  • To emphasize the critical need for prompt intervention.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pathological processes including meningeal inflammation, vasculitis, and hydrocephalus.
  • Analysis of clinical manifestations such as headache, vomiting, and neurological deficits.
  • Discussion of diagnostic criteria involving clinical presentation, neuroimaging, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis.
  • Examination of bacteriological confirmation methods: smear, culture, and PCR.

Main Results:

  • TBM is characterized by inflammation, exudates, vasculitis, and hydrocephalus.
  • Clinical features include headache, vomiting, meningeal signs, focal deficits, and raised intracranial pressure.
  • Diagnosis relies on clinical signs, neuroimaging, and CSF analysis (high protein, low glucose, pleocytosis).
  • Bacteriological confirmation is essential.
  • Mortality and morbidity rates are exceptionally high.
  • Corticosteroids improve outcomes, while drug resistance increases mortality.
  • Hydrocephalus may necessitate surgical intervention (shunting).

Conclusions:

  • Prompt diagnosis and early treatment are crucial for improving outcomes in tuberculous meningitis.
  • Treatment typically involves a 6-12 month course of antituberculous drugs, often initiated empirically.
  • Corticosteroid use is recommended to reduce mortality.
  • Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination offers partial protection in children.