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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

A Simple and Efficient Method for Testing Immunomodulatory Agents for Generation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells from Human CD14+ Monocytes
11:34

A Simple and Efficient Method for Testing Immunomodulatory Agents for Generation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells from Human CD14+ Monocytes

Published on: April 11, 2025

Tolerogenic dendritic cells: all present and correct?

A W Thomson1

  • 1Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. thomsonaw@upmc.edu

American Journal of Transplantation : Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons
|January 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DC) have a natural ability to induce tolerance. When modified, these tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDC) can suppress immune responses and promote transplant survival.

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A Simple and Efficient Method for Testing Immunomodulatory Agents for Generation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells from Human CD14+ Monocytes
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09:51

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Generation of Immature, Mature and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells with Differing Metabolic Phenotypes

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Transplantation immunology

Background:

  • Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DC) possess both immunostimulatory and inherent tolerogenic functions.
  • Quiescent DCs maintain self-tolerance, while activated DCs can inhibit immune responses to foreign antigens.
  • Tolerogenic DCs (tolDC) can suppress adaptive immunity, including memory T-cell responses, through mechanisms like inducing regulatory T cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the functional biology and therapeutic applications of tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDC).
  • To highlight the potential of tolDC in regulating alloimmunity and promoting transplant survival.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on dendritic cell biology and transplantation.
  • Analysis of data from rodent models and nonhuman primate studies on tolerogenic dendritic cells.

Main Results:

  • Pharmacologically modified tolDC show potential in regulating alloimmunity in vivo.
  • tolDC can induce antigen-specific T-cell unresponsiveness and improve transplant survival in preclinical models.
  • Mechanisms involve expansion and induction of antigen-specific regulatory T cells.

Conclusions:

  • Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDC) offer a promising, natural, and antigen-specific approach for managing immune responses in transplantation.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the functional biology of tolDC in humans for therapeutic applications.
  • tolDC hold significant potential for the long-term control of organ and hematopoietic cell transplantation outcomes.