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Related Concept Videos

Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

Centrioles and Centrosomes

Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
Near the end of the prophase, also called late prophase or "prometaphase,"...
Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3 variants are also...
The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint02:19

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
Many proteins function together to control the spindle assembly checkpoint. Mutations affecting these proteins may allow cells to proceed into anaphase prematurely, resulting in the...
Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall of a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
05:35

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

Published on: March 3, 2016

Non-visual arrestins are constitutively associated with the centrosome and regulate centrosome function.

Haripriya Shankar1, Allison Michal, Ronald C Kern

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|January 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Non-visual arrestins, arrestin2 and arrestin3, are newly identified centrosome components. These proteins regulate centrosome number and function, impacting cell division and preventing defects like multinucleation.

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
05:35

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

Published on: March 3, 2016

Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes
09:39

Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes

Published on: December 20, 2014

Imaging Centrosomes in Fly Testes
09:41

Imaging Centrosomes in Fly Testes

Published on: September 20, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Non-visual arrestins are known regulators of receptor activity, signaling cascades, and gene transcription.
  • The centrosome is a critical organelle for microtubule nucleation and mitotic spindle formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the localization and function of non-visual arrestins (arrestin2 and arrestin3) at the centrosome.
  • To determine the role of these arrestins in centrosome function and cell division.

Main Methods:

  • Immunofluorescence microscopy to assess co-localization with centrosomal markers (gamma-tubulin).
  • Purification of centrosomes to identify associated proteins.
  • In vitro binding assays to study protein interactions.
  • RNA interference (RNAi) to knock down arrestin expression.
  • Rescue experiments using overexpression of wild-type arrestins.

Main Results:

  • Arrestin2 and arrestin3 were found to localize to the centrosome, co-localizing with gamma-tubulin during interphase and mitosis.
  • Both arrestins directly interact with gamma-tubulin.
  • Knockdown of arrestin2 or arrestin3 led to centrosome amplification, multinucleation, and mitotic defects.
  • Loss of arrestin2 specifically caused aberrant microtubule nucleation.
  • Overexpression of arrestins rescued multinucleation and restored normal centrosome number in knockdown cells and in breast cancer cells.

Conclusions:

  • Non-visual arrestins are novel, functional components of the centrosome.
  • Arrestins regulate centrosome number and function, playing a crucial role in maintaining genomic stability and proper cell division.
  • These findings highlight a new role for arrestins in cell cycle regulation and provide potential therapeutic targets for cancer cells exhibiting centrosome abnormalities.