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IR Spectrometers

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
According to Hooke's law, the vibrational frequency is directly proportional to the...

Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence

Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence

Atomic spectroscopy is a vital tool in elemental analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It can be broadly divided into optical spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy methods. The optical spectroscopic methods are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). The first step in all three methods is atomization, where the solid, liquid, or solution-phase samples are converted into gas-phase atoms and...

Flame Photometry: Overview

Flame Photometry: Overview

Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Beer–Lambert Law

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Beer–Lambert Law

The Beer-Lambert law describes the relationship between absorbance and concentration, which combines the principles established by scientists Johann Heinrich Lambert and August Beer. Lambert's law states that when light passes through a medium, the loss in intensity is directly proportional to the original intensity and the path length of the light. Beer's law proposed that the transmittance of a solution remains constant if the product of concentration and path length is constant. The modern...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

A Multimodal Wide-Field Fourier-Transform Raman Microscope

A Multimodal Wide-Field Fourier-Transform Raman Microscope

Published on: December 30, 2025

Fourier spectrometry from balloons.

¹Division of Space Sciences, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91103, USA.

|January 9, 2010

Summary

This study details the design of balloon-borne Fourier interference spectrometers for atmospheric research. One far-infrared instrument has flown successfully, while a near-infrared system is under development.

Area of Science:

Atmospheric spectroscopy
Instrument design
Far-infrared and Near-infrared instrumentation

Background:

Balloon-borne platforms offer unique advantages for high-resolution atmospheric measurements.
Fourier transform spectroscopy provides broad spectral coverage and high sensitivity.
Previous instruments have demonstrated the feasibility of airborne interferometry.

Purpose of the Study:

To present design and construction considerations for high-resolution, balloon-borne Fourier interference spectrometers.
To detail the development of a far-infrared Michelson interferometer and a near-infrared cat's-eye interferometer.
To outline the engineering challenges and solutions for remote sensing instrumentation.

Main Methods:

Design and construction of a far-infrared Michelson interferometer.

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Development of a near-infrared double-passed cat's-eye interferometer.

Integration of high-resolution Fourier transform spectroscopy onto a balloon platform.

Main Results:

Successful flight and operation of the far-infrared Michelson interferometer.
Demonstration of key design principles for airborne interferometers.
Advancement in the development of a near-infrared system for future atmospheric studies.

Conclusions:

Balloon-borne Fourier interference spectrometers are viable for high-resolution atmospheric research.
The presented design philosophy facilitates the development of robust and effective remote sensing instruments.
Further development of the near-infrared system promises expanded capabilities for atmospheric observation.